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Nervous System
Karina Quinones, P6 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System
Karina Quinones, P6
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Reflex Arc
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Visceral Reflex Arc: have same components as somatic reflex arcs, but there are three differences
- afferent fibers are visceral sensory nuerons
- effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands rather than skeletal muscle
- has 2 consecutive neurons in motor pathway
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Drugs
LSD: may inhibit or excite, and is responsible for feelings of wakefulness
Opioids: taken through patch, pill, injection, snorting, smoking, is a depressant, and causes drowsiness and hallucinations
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Inhalents: taken through inhalation, is a stimulant, causes hallucinations, confusion, seizures, and impairs coordination
Alcohol: makes GABA receptors inhibitory and affects memory formation, impulse control, and decision making
MDMA: taken through swallowing or snorting, is a stimulant and hallucinogen, and produces feelings of euphoria
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Nicotine: taken through smoking, inhaling, vaping, path, chewing, is a stimulant, and has a calming effect
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Psychadelics: taken through swallowing, snorting, injection, and smoking, is a stimulant and hallucinogen, and intensifies sensations and emotions
Ecstasy: Affects serotonin pathways and increases serotonin levels, improved moods, and feelings of desire
GHB and Rohypnol: is taken by swallowing and is a depressant that causes extreme drowsiness and relaxing effects
Heroine: affects parts of brain responsible for pain signals, and produces immediate feelings of sedation
Dissociative Drug: taken by swallowing, injecting, snorting, smoking, is a hallucinogen, causes hallucinations and distortions in perception
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Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the brain, 2 forebrain, rest are brainstem
VI. Abducens nerve: primarily a motor, innervating lateral rectus muscle
VII. Facial nerve: chief motor nerves of face, facial expression, sensory function of taste
V. Trigeminal nerve: three divisions (opthalamic, maxillary, mandibular), convey sensory impulses from face, mastication
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerves: mostly sensory, small component for sensitivity of receptors, auditory
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IX. Glossopharyngeal nerves: motor functions innervate tongue and pharynx for swallowing, and sensory functions conduct taste
X. Vagus nerves: motor fibers regulate activities of heart, lungs, abdominal viscera
II. Optic nerve: synapse at the thalamus, purely sensory (visual) function
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XII. Hypoglossal nerves: innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue that contribute to speech and swallowing
III. Oculomotor nerve: function in raising the eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, and controlling lens shape
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Compare ANS to Somatic Nervous System:
- Both have motor fibers, but differ in...
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Effectors
Somatic innervates skeletal muscles, meanwhile ANS innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland
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