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Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Nervous System
Major Functions of the Nervous System
Integration
Processing and interpretation of sensory information
Motor Output
Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) producing a response
Sensory Input
Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
Classification of Neurons
Structural
Bipolar
two processes (one axon, one dendrite)
Unipolar
one T-like process (two axons)
Multipolar
three or more processes (1 axon, others dendrites)
Functional
Motor
Carry impulses from CNS to effectors
Interneurons
Shuttle signals through CNS pathways
Sensory
Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS
Cranial Nerves
Abducens Nerves
Chief motor nerves of face
Facial Nerves
Motor function: facial expression, parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands, Sensory function: taste
Trigeminal Nerves
responsible for sending pain, touch and temperature sensations from your face to your brain
Vestibulocochlear Nerves
responsible for equilibrium and hearing
Trochlear Nerves
Motor nerve that directs eyeball
Glossopharyngeal Nerves
provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle, which is responsible for elevating the pharynx and larynx.
Oculomotor Nerves
Motor to the eye
Vagus Nerves
responsible for the regulation of internal organ functions
Optic Nerves
Sensory function of vision
Accessory Nerves
motor function (movement) to two muscles essential to neck and shoulder movement,
Olfactory Nerves
Sensory nerves of smell
Hypoglossal Nerves
enables tongue movement
Reflex Arc
Integration center
either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS
Motor neuron
conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector
organ
Sensory Neuron
transmits afferent impulses to CNS
Effector
muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by
contracting or secreting
Receptor
site of stimulus action
Major Divisions and Subdivisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Integration & Control Center (interprets sensory input and dictates motor output)
Brain
Cerebrum
Brain hemispheres
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Thoracic
Lumbar
Cervical
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Communication lines between CNS and rest of body, Cranial & Spinal Nerves
Sensory/Afferent Division
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Motor/Efferent Division
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division
Major Parts & Functions of the Spinal Cord
Spinal Nerves
Provides two-way communication to and from brain and body, Major reflex center: reflexes are initiated and completed at spinal cord
Connective Tissue Coverings
Meninges - 3 layers of membranes meant to protect the brain
Arachnoid Mater
middle web-like layer of CNS
Pia Mater
delicate thin layer closest to brain
Dura Mater
strongest outermost layer of CNS
Drugs
Marijuana
causes impaired thinking and interferes with a person's ability to learn and perform complicated tasks
Methamphetamine
rapidly increases dopamine, the brain chemical that stimulates feelings of pleasure and motivation
Ecstacy
provides an immediate enjoyable feeling by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin in the brain
Alcohol
blocks chemical signals between neurons, leading to the common immediate symptoms of intoxication, including impulsive behavior, slurred speech, poor memory, and slowed reflexes
Heroin
directly affects the two most powerful motivators of the human psyche; reward and punishment, also known as pleasure and pain
Cocaine
primarily affects dopamine, which plays an important role in the brain's reward and reinforcement systems
LSD
alters how the brain responds to serotonin
Inhalents
can cause nerve cell damage in the brain
Nicotine
disrupt the part of the brain that controls attention, learning, moods and impulse control.
GHB & Rohypnol
associated with brain changes including negative effects on long-term memory, working memory, IQ, and higher levels of stress and anxiety
Disassociative Drug
produce visual and auditory distortions and a sense of floating and dissociation (feeling detached from reality)
Spinal Nerves
Ventral
Contain motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
Dorsal
Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
Compare and Contrast Autonomic Nervous System's Divisions
Sympathetic
mobilizes body during activity
Parasympathetic
promotes maintenance functions,
conserves energy
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Oxytocin
Endorphine
Norepinephrine
Disorder Associated with Nervous System
Degenerative Brain Disorders (DBD)
diseases are caused by the decline and death of nerve cells called neurons
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)/Strokes
tissue deprived of blood supply, leading to death of brain tissue
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Can lead to temporary alteration in function, permanent alteration in function, or death depending on severity
Cerebral Palsy
neuromuscular disability involving poorly controlled or paralyzed
voluntary muscles
Anencephaly
cerebrum and parts of brain stem never develop because neural fold fails to fuse
Spina bifida
incomplete formation of vertebral arches; typically involves lumbosacral region
Multiple sclerosis
an autoimmune disease that affects primarily young adults
Autonomic neuropathy
damage to autonomic nerves that is a
common complication of diabetes mellitus
Hydrocephalus
obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage, resulting in increased pressure
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
Epileptic Seizure
torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons
Major Parts & Functions of the Brain
Diencephalon
a primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control
Brain Stem
controls many subconscious body functions
Cerebral Hemispheres
superior part of brain controlling speech, comprehension, arithmetic, writing, creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills.
Cerebellum
controls voluntary movements and balance
Tissues
Neurons
Dendrites
Receptive (input) region of neuron
Axon
Impulse-generating and conducting region
Cell Body
Biosynthetic center and receptive region
Myelin Sheath
Protect and electrically insulate axon, Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
Neuroglia
CNS
Microglial Cells
regulate brain development, maintain neuronal networks, and injury repair
Ependymal Cells
Form permeable barrier between CSF in cavities and tissue
fluid bathing CNS cells
Astrocytes
A regulatory role in the brain
Oligodendrocytes
Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths in thicker
nerve fibers
PNS
Satellite Cells
Similar to astrocytes of CNS
Schwann Cells
Similar function as oligodendrocytes, Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers,
Action Potential & Nerve Impulse
Action Potential
Long-distance signals of axons
Principal way neurons send signals
Called nerve impulses in neurons
Generated by
Depolarization
Repolarization
Resting State
Hyperpolarization