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Synoptic Links - Coggle Diagram
Synoptic Links
ELSS and Hazards
Indonesia Volcano
• Due to is equatorial climate (TRF location) there are high levels of rainfall ~1800mm/yr. Rainfall weathers and dissolves the volcanic rocks which contributes minerals/nutrients to the soils and create fertile soil for farming.
• High levels of rainfall also make acid rain more likely as material/gases ejected from volcanoes mix with the rainfall = a major impact on the area.
• Heavy rainfall also makes the chances of lahars greater (coupled with the steep relief this is very hazardous).
• Volcanic material creates fertile soils and therefore encourages/aid the high biodiversity found here (TRF) which is a natural carbon sink.
• Volcanoes eject Carbon into the atmosphere changing the store – can also cause forest fires which reduces the biosphere store and increase that of the atmosphere.
Iceland Eruption
• Glacial melt (jökulhlaup) caused by the volcano raised local rivers by as much as ten feet (three meters)
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• Eyjafjallajokull consists of a volcano which is completely covered by an ice cap. The ice cap covers an area of about 100 square kilometres. The presence of this ice sheet created steam as it melted and this mixed with gases from the volcanic rock created the large quantities of ash.
• Volcanoes eject Carbon into the atmosphere changing the store – can also cause forest fires which reduces the biosphere store and increase that of the atmosphere.
• Ash from the Eyjafjallajokull volcano deposited dissolved iron into the North Atlantic, triggering a plankton bloom these are important ecologically but also absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and therefor increase the ocean store in the short term (while in bloom
Nepal Earthquake
• The landscape is historically fluvial (formerly the valley was filled with Lakes. This means the area is largely fine/soft fluvial sediment. 600m deposits in Kathmandu. This amplifies the seismic waves and if the ground is saturated liquefaction can occur.
• Large amounts of water stored in snow/ice in this high altitude region = many avalanches e.g. on Everest.
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Japan Earthquake
• Decontaminated areas are subject to recontamination through weathering processes and the natural water cycle (precipitation/surface runoff/throughflow/groundwater flow) and lifecycle of trees and rivers – this will be on-going for around 300 years.
• Salination of water bodies such as rivers, wells, inland lakes, and groundwater aquifers has occurred in many of the affected countries. Some water bodies were contamination by damaged or destroyed septic tanks, toilets and oil storage sites with oil and sewage infiltrating the water sources.