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Ch 5 Deaf History Reader: A Tale of 2 Schools - Coggle Diagram
Ch 5 Deaf History Reader: A Tale of 2 Schools
Late 19th C.
more deaf day schools founded than generally recognized
schools for deaf underfunded
personalities of deaf schools changed: more bureaucratic, less focus on students
politics influenced rather than education; sign vs. oral
Indiana Institute [II] - Indianapolis
politically well connected
founded by deaf man William Willard
1843- small private
1844 - state took over
1845 1st superintendent James S. Brown (hearing)
1850 - 70 acres East of Indianapolois
1852 - Brown resigned - established school for Deaf in Louisiana; New super = Thomas MacIntire - 27 years
1879 - MacIntire removed = intertwined history
MacIntire
Presbyterian minister, taught Ohio Inst / deaf ed/ sup of Tennessee Inst
1852 - teacher for II, then 1 month later Brown resigned and he was promoted
friend of Oliver Morton, gov of Indiana, then senator
Civil War, other schools close; II open governor borrowed $ to keep it open
legislature = new board of trustees; board asked for his resignation
enrolled 4 of his students to National Deaf Mute College (now Gallaudet Univ)
Charles Kerney, Oscar Osborne, Philip Hasenstab, Nathaniel Morrow; 2 went from senior year to college - get out of Indiana
Pg 88 "In retrospect, it is clear that the departure of MacIntire marked the passing of an era of benevolent and competent administration of the Indiana Institution."
Only deaf school in the state - all deaf children went there
William Glenn
dentist, no educ, no deaf experience
gave long, detailed reports, daily expenses
1884 - removed with no explanation
1884 - Eli Baker
democrat, former deputy warden at Indiana State Penitentiary
1886-87 - alumni reunion, 200 people = Indiana Association of the Deaf
1889 - state leg approved classroom building
1892 - Kerney came back to II after EDS and wanted more people there, articles in Silent Hoosier
Evansville Day School
Charles Kerney, grad of II 1879
1st time another deaf sch in Indiana
lost hearing early age, dk own name until age 15
1890 - married wealthy deaf woman
1891-92 - dismissed from position (why?) maybe b/c not expected enrollment achieved
1892 public outcry, offered teaching position at EDS, but he had gone to II
1901 - died suicide, mental, physical issues
1892 - went from EDS to II
state school used sign language (oral required small classes, parents involvement, no sign at resid sch
Evansville: 1880's = Indiana's 2nd largest city, transportation hub, manufacturing, prosperous, prominent citizens
1886 - open with 28 students, gave exhibiiton of skills, challenge to monopoly of II
4 reasons for EDS to become successful (page 93)
Orson Archibald - proposed bill for $ for Evansville, 1st deaf citizen to put forward, did not pass = crazy leg year
1887 - newspaper Indiana Deaf Mute Journal = lots of controversy, turmoil (pg 94); politics, slanderous; hugely political b/w rep & dem and led to reform of II
1888-89 - Kerney
2 graduates went to Gallaudet College = 1st time G. had accepted students from a day school
EMG presentation = guest speaker, respect, 2000 people, donations
1892 - instead of oralist, hired deaf man graduate from Gallaudet (against current oral movement) Paul Lange
late 1890's, EDS weaker, 9 pupils, poor conditions, lost importance since 1886
1901 Lange resigned (Wisconsin Institution) but wide public support in Evansville newspaper
after Kerney, enrollment dropped, he was driving force / he then wanted everyone to go to II.
1901 - new = E. Gallaher, ; but due to legislative/school board, unable to have local school board run a day school, closed as public, converted to private institution
1903 closed
National trends
Before Civil war, us deaf children mostly at residential schools
After Civil War - more day schools than residential
Other States
State of Maine: before 1876 all deaf children in Maine went to Conn. = Portland Day School - oralist
Deaf heads of schools
1888 William French - Eastern Iowa Day school
1875 - Emery - Day school in Chicago
1892 Robert MacGregor, Cincinati day school
Why trend? Overcrowding at II and political appointment of superintendent
into 20th Century
prosperity, coal mines, farms
II - facilities deteriorating, inadequate
II - new campus in 1911, 80 acres, increased space, auditorium, etc
II changed name to Indiana State School for the Deaf
deaf education increased role inestablishin early day schools
contrast b/w private wealth and small institutional budgets
Institutional poverty; personal wealth but history of state support, not individual
shift tfrom educational to bureaucratic focus
increase in partisan politics, appointees
Problems in institutions caused by political appointments: Illinois, Kansas, Ohio, Iowa, Texas
Overall/Conclusions
Kerney's criticisim of II = justified
degraded and ruined by state politicians
Gallaudet students, data use caution, II students to G decreased, perhaps becasue fewer opportunities to become teachers during oralist movement
state number populations showed II not meeting need
mandatory school in 1907
new campus of II - could have held more students but decline