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Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - long axis of body
      - skull, vertebral column, rib cage
    - - bones of upper and lower limbs
      - girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
  - - - longer than they are wide
      - limb bones
    - - cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
      - sesamoid bones form within tendons (like patella)
      - vary in size and number in different individuals
    - - thin, flat, slightly curved
      - sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
    - - complicated shapes
      - vertebrae and hip bones
- - - - tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
        
        compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults
    - - ends on long bones that consist of compact bine externally and spongy bone internally
        
        articular cartilage covers articular (joint) surfaces
    - - epiphyseal line is remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs
    - - periosteum: white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
        
        fibrous layer: outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of Sharpey's fibers that secure to bone matrix
        
        osteogenic layer: inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells
        
        contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels that continue on to the shaft and through nutrient foramen openings
        
        anchoring points for tendons and ligaments
      - endosteum
        
        delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
        
        covers trabeculae of spongy bone
        
        lines canals that pass through compact bone
        
        like periosteum, contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells
- - - - dig depression or grooves as they break down matrix
      - secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix
      - acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms