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Hydrologic Cycle & Human Use, Production and Distribution of Food,…

- - - - high boiling point, melting point, and freezing point
      - adhesion / cohesion
        
        surface tension: tension at water/air interface
- - - - percolates & recharges groundwater and aquifers
    - - surface water - ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, etc.
- - - - watershed management
      - dams
      - global development aid
      - reduced subsides
      - sound science
      - efficiency
      - reduce pollution
- - - - common in: Asia, Latin, Sub-Saharan African
      - many depends on imported food & prices are soaring
      - poor & cannot survive crop failures
  - - - chemicals
      - irrigation
      - expansive lands
      - infrastructure
      - modern machinery
      - confined animal feeding operations
- - - - promote tolerance
      - improve nutritional value
      - disease & pest resistance
    - - killing unintentional pollinators
      - super weeds
      - safety issues (allergies and new toxins)
- - - - must be enriched to obtain fissionable U
- - - - surface/strip
      - underground
    - - altered landscape
      - global climate change
      - air pollution: CO2, SO2, Hg, etc
      - acid mine drainage (AMD)
        
        due to oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) when exposed to oxygen (very acidic and loaded with trace metals)
      - coal combustion byproducts (CCBs)
    - - 91% of coal used for this
    - - Boiler Slag: molten bottom ash reacted with water
        
        fill material for structural applications and embankments
        
        raw material in concrete production
        
        mineral filler in asphalt
        
        component of blasting grit and roofing gradnules
        
        snow and ice traction control material
      - Bottom Ash: conglomerated ash particles
        
        feed stock in the production of cement
        
        aggregate in lightweight concrete products
        
        aggregate in road bases, sub-bases, and pavement
        
        snow and ice traction control materials
        
        filler material for structural application and embankments
      - Flue gas desulfurization material: formed from SO2 scrubbers
        
        feed stock in the production of cement
        
        raw material in concrete products and grout
        
        fill material for structural applications and embankments
        
        ingredient in waste stabilization and/or solidification
        
        raw material for wallboard
      - Fly Ash: powdery material rising with flue gas
        
        ingredient in waste stabilization and/or solidification
        
        ingredient in soil modification and/or stabilization
        
        feed stock in the production of cement
        
        component of road bases, sub-bases, and pavement
        
        fill material for structural applications and embankments
        
        component of flowable fill
        
        raw material in concrete products and grout
        
        mineral filler in asphalt
  - - - kerogen
      - 1 ton of oil shale = 1 barrel of oil
      - mostly undeveloped until oil prices rise greatly
    - - bitumen
      - extensive environmental damage
      - commerical development has begun
- - - - mulch for nutrients and cover
      - maximize biomass production
      - minimum or no till (destroys organic matter - easily eroded)
      - maximizing biodiversity
      - keep soil covered (cover crops)
  - - - How soils support plant growth?
        
        physical support
        
        protection
        
        nutrients
        
        pores
  - - - most influential and determines intensity & types of weathering that occurs
        
        2 main climate variables: precipitation and temperature
    - - flora and fauna
        
        help form soil organic matter
        
        cycle nutrients
        
        facilitate weathering of rocks/minerals
        
        enhance infiltration
        
        mix soil - bioturbation
    - - transports & breaks down to form soil
        
        organic - derived from plants
        
        geologic - derived from rocks/minerals
        
        types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
    - - also known as relief
      - affects water movement and soil erosion
        
        rocks and soil can move downhill by gravity
        
        summits vs. slope soils differ
    - - soils form over long time -> primary minerals weathering to secondary and become physically smaller
        
        can take hundreds to thousands of years to form
        
        young vs. old soils differ in appearance
- - - - affects soil workability: ease at which soil can be cultivated (clay vs. sandy soil)
    - - arrangement of individual particles
      - form smaller groups or aggregates called peds
    - - Histosols
        
        dark brown from soil organic matter
        
        thick, dark layer of built up peat
        
        can be up to 20% SOM
        
        very wet - always found in wetlands
      - Inceptisols
        
        more of a "catch all" category
        
        grayness indicates waterlogged conditions in a wetland if close to the surface
        
        natural color of soil without pigments
      - Oxisols
        
        bright red from oxidized iron
        
        found mostly in tropical regions
        
        very weathered
      - Spodosols
        
        leached due to sandy texture and acidity from pine tree needles
        
        gray if leaching, brown from humus, orange from iron and aluminum oxides
        
        common soil in NJ Pinelands
- - - - soil water content -> too high = poor aeration
    - - water contains H-bonds responsible for adhesion and cohesion and surface tension
    - - need proper amount of nutrients
        
        macronutrients: C, H, O, Ca, Mg, N, P, K, S
        
        micronutrients: Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, B, Cl, Mo
    - - soil warming
      - good soil structure
      - good porosity for aeration and water holding
      - supply nutrients
      - energy source for soil fauna
      - pH buffering and CEC
      - sequesters contaminants!
  - - - construction
      - industry / mining
      - agriculture
    - - one of the most destructive occurrences thru/out world
      - causes: wind and water
      - erosion types:
        
        wind
        
        water
        
        sheet
        
        rill
        
        splash
        
        gully
      - How to correct Erosion?
        
        shelter belts (protection from wind)
        
        crop rotation
        
        soil amendments & organic fertilizers
        
        cover crops
        
        no tilling
        
        contour strip cropping