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THE MODERN STATE, army middle ages, Louis XI the Prudent', Spanish…

- - - - under Louis XI the Prudent'
  - - - Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish king Felipe II
  - - - Isabel I of Castilla
      - Ferdinand II of Aragón.
- - - - composed of officials
        
        supervised the kingdom's affairs
      - effective control
    - - gradually increased
      - gradually reduced
        
        special legislations introduced in the Middle Ages
        
        autonomy of the feudal lords
    - - nobles couldn't form they own armies
      - created a diplomatic body
      - of mercenaries (paid soldiers)
        
        subdue (defeat) the nobles who confronted them
    - - for the new institutions
        
        to function well
      - capital of their kingdom
  - - - more powerful
- - - - Russian monarchs
        
        title of emperor
        
        title of tsar
      - expanded its territories
        
        Ivan IV the Terrible (16th century)
        
        Ivan III the Great (15th century)
    - - unification with Lithuania
      - kingdom
        
        weak
        
        not very centralised
      - covered extensive territories
    - - Selim I
        
        Egypt
        
        part of Arabia
        
        Syria
      - Suleiman I the Magnificent
        
        subdued Hungary
        
        he was stopped in Austria
        
        northern Africa
      - Mehmed II the Conqueror
        
        Constantinople
        
        a part of the Balkan Peninsula
- - - - Florence
      - the Papal States
      - Venice
      - Naples
  - - - Flanders
      - Saxony
      - Burgundy
      - Austria
      - Switzerland and Bohemia