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ESS Revision MOCKS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Education campaign
      - Advertisment
      - Legislation and regulation
      - Training programme for farmers
    - - Dripping irrigation (water scarcity and pollution)
      - Legislation and regulation
      - Threshold/quota
      - Natural fertilizers
      - Fines or subsidies
      - GMO crops which are drought resistant (water scarcity)
      - Grey water recycling
    - - Eutrophication: remove algae and pump oxygen
      - Management of aquifers and bore holes
        
        Ground Recharge Project India
      - Water Treatment Plant
        
        Canada
      - Dams
        
        Colorado River
      - Humid areas (protected areas)
  - - - Benefits
        
        Fishmeal being recycled - obtained by scraps (waste products - circular economy)
        
        Carnivorous fish species obtain enough nutrients from other sources of food instead of fish
        
        China uses carp and catfish which grow in rice paddy fields (add nutrients to water and feces act as fertilizer)
        
        Create fish farm within the mangrove habitat (increased resilience of coast)
        
        Produce at lower trophic levels (underwater production - shell fish and seaweed farming)
        
        Don't need to be fed (reduces carbon footprint)
        
        Improve water quality
        
        Absorb carbon through photosynthesis
        
        Create habitat (organisms on seaweed - office service for habitat)
        
        Seaweed and shellfish is good for our diet + less bioaccumulation
      - Case-studies
        
        Traditional wild farming
        
        Rice-fish farming in China
        
        Intensive commerical farming
        
        Commerical farming in Chile
        
        Shrimp farming in Thailand
      - Disadvantages
        
        Loss of habitat (mangroves)
        
        Pollution in water due to fish feed and medications added to tanks
        
        Genetically modified species (if they escape can create competition + integrate with others)
        
        Fish that are higher up the food chain require nutrients from other fish
    - - Intensive Commercial Wild Fishing in Alaska
      - Traditional fishing Loomi Island (USA)
  - - - Precipitation
      - run off
      - acquifers
  - - - Irrigation
      - Deforestation
      - Urbanization
    - - Types of aquatic pollutants
      - Testing water quality
        
        Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
        
        Calculating the demand of oxygen from bacteria (how much oxygen is used)
        
        If there is eutrophication respiration will increase
        
        Measured through D1 - D2 = BOD
        
        Measured according to Q value
        
        Question: describe a method used to measure an abiotic parameter
        
        Indicator species
        
        Biotic indicies
      - Industrial discharge
      - Ocean acidification (change in pH)
      - Eutrophication
        
        Dead zone
    - - Climate change - increases melting (from hydro to litho)
      - Increase in temperature - higher evaporation + drought
      - Irrigation - increased run-off and evaporation
      - Deforestation - less absorption, evapotranspiration, precipitation + higher runoff
      - Cement - less infiltration and more run-off
    - - Direct effects
      - Indirect effects
  - - - Tourism
      - Resources
    - - Habitat
      - Biodiversity
- - - - Water (precipitation)
      - Minerals
      - Organic matter (excretion, decomposition)
      - Gas (from respiration)
      - Humus
    - - Leaching
      - Evaporation
      - Soil erosion
      - Nutrients
    - - Fossil Fuel
      - Organic matter
      - Nitrates/nitrites
    - - Absorption
      - Respiration
      - Infiltration
      - Breakdown of organic matter
      - Nutrient cycling
      - Photosynthesis
      - Decomposition
      - Weathering
  - - - Intensive commercial
        
        Commercial Cereal Farming in Canada
        
        General Information
        
        Grassland biome (fertile soil)
        
        Wheat grain (and beef and dairy)
        
        New strains of wheat have been developed; fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use has increased.
        
        Advantages
        
        High technology and high transportation efficiency
        
        High yield and profit
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Biodiversity loss (making space for fields)
        
        Soil degradation
        
        Fertilizer use causing eutrophication
        
        Management strategies
        
        Implement traditional strategies
        
        Crop-fallow rotation (fields are left to replenish soil moisture)
        
        Ripping (caterpillar tractor used in winter to cut frozen soil)
        
        Strip-farming
        
        No-till farming
        
        Minimizes soil degradation as farmers leave crop residue on fields after harvest where it protects the soil providing nutrients.
        
        Mixed cropping system to reduce spread of disease
      - Subsistence
        
        Rice production in the Gange Valley
        
        Advantages
        
        Traditional farming method prevents soil degradation
        
        Water buffalo provides manure for agriculture and domestic fuel
        
        Provides jobs to community
        
        Rice gives high yield
        
        General information
        
        Grow rice, cereal and vegetables
        
        India and Bangladesh
        
        Traditional farming method (hand labor)
        
        Farming in padi fields using water buffalo to work.
        
        Disadvantages
        
        High water requirement (irrigation)
        
        Production of methane (greenhouse gas)
        
        Slash and Burn in Indonesia
        
        General Information
        
        A widely used method of growing food in which wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation is burned
        
        Harvest of palm oil
        
        Advantages
        
        Land results being nutrient rich and doesn't need fertilizer (in the short-run)
        
        Inexpensive
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Burning causes Co2 release
        
        Deforestation (destruction of habitat)
        
        Soil degradation (becomes unusable)
      - Sustainable/smart agricutlure
        
        Strip cropping in the Netherlands
        
        General Information
        
        Strip cropping is a new cultivation technique which prevents extended spread of disease between crops
        
        Crops are harvested in smaller strips to limit the spread of diseases (if disease occurs it will spread in a smaller area opposed to bigger farming areas – monoculture).
        
        Some machinery is also used (tractors)
        
        Strip cropping can also be combined with agroforestry by integrating trees between strips
        
        Advantages
        
        GPS techniques have helped with adapting to work in smaller areas
        
        Reduction of spread of disease between crops
        
        Having rows of crop rotation can be very profitable because of the lower pest pressure or pests coming later, it also provides a higher aesthetic value.
        
        Crops are positioned according to their growth requisites, for example almonds are most exposed towards the sun
        
        Agroforestry promotes biodiversity and can also benefit annual crops as natural enemies can retreat into the perennial crops
        
        Growing plants together can also encourage influence between the harvest
        
        In hilly areas, strip cultivation has the added advantage of lessening erosion.
        
        Agroforestry and Alley Cropping in US
        
        General Information
        
        Alley cropping is a type of agroforestry technique which involves the combination of crops with trees for economic, environmental and social benefits.
        
        Shepherd Farms, Clifton Hill, MO
        
        Crops: pecan, wheat, meat, jerky and nuts.
        
        Alley cropping has allowed the owner to use the land since bought in 1999
        
        Paul Smith, Alley cropping practice in northwest Missouri
        
        Crops: black walnuts and alfalfa.
        
        Alley cropping has allowed the farm both production and conservation benefits.
        
        Benefits
        
        Replenishes and sustains soil nutrients maintaining moisture in the land
        
        Increases the amount of crops which can be grown
        
        Decreases the need for fertilizer or pesticide use
        
        Reduces the amount of plants being extracted through weeding
        
        Allows for habitat buffers (protected areas) for the conservation of species
        
        Smart agriculture in Mozambique
        
        Introduction of genetically modified crops to resist droughts and storms
        
        Use of satellite vision to identify areas most affected by climate change and prioritize them.
        
        UN joint programmes to help communities adapt to climate change
        
        Irrigation and Rainwater harvesting systems
        
        Training and installation of photovoltaic systems for water supply and irrigation
        
        Local Committees of Natural Resource Management
        
        Involvement of the local community
        
        Development of new agricultural initiatives including beekeeping and agro-livestock systems
        
        Boreholes and solar-powered water pumping infrastructure
        
        Introduction of local committees to spread awareness on climate change and environmental conservation
        
        Seminars and training sessions were held to instruct the population on management systems
    - - Nomadic Pastoralism
      - Modern Agri-business
      - Improved yields and environmental impact
  - - - Loam has the highest productivity, followed by clay and sand.
      - Types of Soil
        
        Loam
        
        Mineral content HIGH
        
        Drainage GOOD
        
        Water-holding capacity MEDIUM
        
        Potential to hold organic matter HIGH
        
        Productivity HIGH
        
        Clay
        
        Mineral content MEDIUM
        
        Drainage BAD
        
        Water-holding capacity HIGH-particles are so small, the water is trapped between them.
        
        Potential to hold organic matter MEDIUM
        
        Productivity MEDIUM
        
        Sand
        
        Mineral content HIGH
        
        Drainage VERY GOOD
        
        Water-holding capacity LOW- Because the particles are so big, the water quickly moves away from
        between them.
        
        Potential to hold organic matter LOW
        
        Productivity LOW
      - For agriculture, Loam is the best option.
    - - O Horizon
        
        Upper layer consisting of leaf litter where humus is formed (subject to erosion)
      - A Horizon
        
        Mineral-organic layer where biological activity occurs.
      - E Horizon
        
        Subject to leaching (made up of sand and silt)
      - B Horizon
        
        Plant roots and iron accumulation
      - C Horizon
        
        Bed rock
      - R Horizon
        
        Parent material (bed rock)
  - - - Reduction of nutrients and biodiversity
      - Impact of artificial fertilizer and pesitcide
      - Tilling and surface run-off
  - - - Natural fertilizer
      - Shifting cultivation
    - - Agroforestry and alley cropping
        
        USA Agroforestry
      - Crop rotation
    - - Education and training
        
        Smart agriculture in Tanzania
      - Dripping irrigation
        
        Increases yield and quality of produce, allows continuous production throughout the year. Minimizes water use per unit of food produced, increasing water use efficiency, reduces soil erosion.
      - GMOs (e.g. seeds)
      - Residue waste management
      - Land leveling
        
        Increases the yield per unit area, reduces time and input use whilst reducing production costs. Enhances water use efficiency, allows uniform germination and facilitates irrigation process.
      - Use of pest and disease resistant varieties
        
        Promotes crops productivity and quality, hence potential increases in income. Reduces crop losses even during moisture stress conditions, promotes biodiversity conservation.
      - Multifunctional boreholes
        
        Increases farm productivity, increases profit and allows round-year production. Facilitates diversification of livelihoods, reduces human-wildlife conflicts, frees up time for women.
    - - Italian NGO Avsi in Mozambique
      - UN programme in Chicualacuala
- - - - Recycling of nitrogen
      - Transfer and transformation of nitrogen molecules in the different compartments
      - Transfer
        
        Leaching (litho - hydro)
        
        Run-off (bio - hydro)
        
        Plan consumption - assimilation (litho - bio)
      - Transformation
        
        Lighting and bacteria fixation (atmo - bio)
        
        Nitrification (litho)
        
        Mineralization (bio - litho)
        
        Denitrification (litho - atmo)
      - Human activities
        
        Fossil fuel combustion
        
        Increased carbon and nitrogen in the atmosphere
        
        Acid rain
        
        Reduction of underground storage of carbon
        
        Food production
        
        Intensive livestock production (e.g. meat)
        
        Increased use of water
        
        Increased excretion
        
        Increased methane emissions
        
        Increased respiration (increased CO2)
        
        Increased grazing (less nitrogen and carbon storage in bio)
        
        Intensive agriculture
        
        Extensive use of fertilizer causes leaching and runoff causing eutrophication and dead zones
        
        Deforestation
        
        Decrease of carbon absorbed by plants
        
        Decrease of absorption of nitrates and water from litho storage (less assimilation)
        
        Increased leaching of nutrients and water
        
        Destruction of habitat - biodiversity loss
        
        Urbanization
        
        Increased deforestation
        
        Less water infiltration
        
        More runoff (water and nutrients)
        
        Destruction of habitat
        
        Decrease of absorption (less plant biomass)
  - - - WWF targeting Malaysian tiger
      - Zoos
      - Breeding programmes
    - - Natural reserve (Kigali National Park)
      - Characteristics of reserves + effectivness
      - Role of the local community (social/economic involvement)
  - - - Plants
        
        Quadrants (random)
      - Animals
        
        Capture and release
    - - Water quality
        
        BOD
      - Temperature
      - Turbidity of water
      - Light
        
        Quadrant (transect - gradient)
      - Soil/Water pH
- - - - Solar radiation
      - Water
      - Oxygen from photosynthesis
      - CO2 from respiration
      - Areosols
      - Ultraviolet radiation
    - - Respiration
      - Precipitation
      - Photosynthesis
      - Insolation
      - Reflection
      - Evapotranspiration
      - Evaporation
      - Absorption
      - Condensation
    - - Clouds
      - Land
      - Ice
      - Ocean
      - Vegetation/biomass
      - Gases
      - Dust/particles
    - - Precipitation
      - Oxygen
      - CO2
      - Solar raditation
    - - Combustion of fossil fuels
        
        Increase in CO2 causing Ozone depletion
        
        Increase in nitrogen causes increased temperatures and ozone depletion
      - Release of pollutants
        
        Black carbon release decreasing albedo effect
        
        Diesel use in vehicles