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THE RESTORATION: LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM, image, image, image, image,…
THE RESTORATION: LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM
The political revolutions of the 19th century
The political revolutions finally brought an end to absolute monarchy
Revolutions appeared because many people didn't accept...
The Restoration or the return of the Ancien Régime
Were based on...
Liberalism, nationalism and democracy.
THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1820
In Spain and Portugal
There were liberal revolutions
Aimed to establish constitutional monarchies
In Portugal went very well
In Spain absolutism was re-established
Greece
They wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire
In 1821 a liberal-nationalist revolution began
In 1829, the Treaty of Adrianopolis recognised Greek independence
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830
Belgium wanted independence from Holland
They had many differences, particularly in language and religion.
Most Belgians were Catholics and most Dutch were Protestants
In 1830 iberal revolution gave Belgium its independence
Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg was Belgium's constitutional monarch
During the Restoration in France,..
The Bourbons returned to the throne
1814 - 1824,
Louis XVIII ruled
1824 - 1830.
Charles X ruled
It began when Charles X approved some decrees withput consulting the Legislatiive Assembly
Assembly voted for a new king
They choose Louis Philippe of Orleans
He ruled from 1830 to 1848
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
It marked a more radical phase of the 19th-century revolutions
The petite bourgeoisie and workers advocated democratic principles
They would have access to political power
It failed everywhere, it only worked in Frnace
France
Petite bourgeoisie and workers
They were successful in securing democratic objectives
For example universal manhood suffrage
1848
Louis Philippe abdicated
After this...
The Second Republic was established
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
He was elected president
1852
He staged a coup and proclaimed himself emperor
He ruled France until 1870
Napoleon III, he maintained universal manhood suffrage
Italian and German unification
Germany and Italy, in the past, they were divided into diferent and small states
The Congress of Vienna confirmed this
In 19th century, nationalist movements unified these countries
ITALIAN UNIFICATION (1859–1870)
Some factors caused a growth
Nationalist and liberal successes in other counties
The King of Piedmont-Sardinia, Charles Albert, wanted to unite Italy
He declared war on Austria but was defeated.
Italian Peninsula was divided into seven states
Important figures supported Italian unification
Piedmont-Sardinia
He initiated the unification process
1859
Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour tried to extend their kingdom's constitutional system
1860.
Garibaldi, conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1866
The Piedmontese and Garibaldi took control of Venetia
After Austria had been defeated by Prussia
1870
Rome was occupied and annexed
Italy became a parliamentary monarchy
Victor Emmanuel II the king
Rome became the capital
GERMAN UNIFICATION (1866–1871)
German unification
The German Confederation was divided into 39 states
It was united by the federal Diet , it was dominated by Austria
Liberal and nationalist ideas were popular
In the Revolution of 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament tried to create a unified state with universal manhood suffrage
1834
A customs union was established
Otto von Bismarck
He was named Chancellor Prussia
1862
He started a process of unification
Bismarck expelled the Austrians from the German Confederation
After the Battle of Sadowa
1866,
Achieved the unification of the northern states
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION
The Austro-Hungarian Empire lost power
It influence Italy and Germany
Collapse of Napoleon III's Second Empire
It was replaced by the Third Republic
The German Empire became Europe's dominant power
The Russian Empire decided to expand towards the Balkans
That way hey will gain access to the Mediterranean Sea
