Madeleine Leininger’s 
MetaParadigm
Biography of Madeleine Leininger
Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012)
Rationale for Transcultural Nursing: Signs and Need
- There were increased numbers of global migrations of people from virtually every place in the world due to modern electronics transportation, and communication.
- There were signs of cultural stresses and cultural conflicts as nurses tried to care for strangers from many Western and non Western culture
- There were cultural indications of consumer fears and resistance to health personnel as they used new technologies and treatment modes that did not fit their values and life ways.
- There were signs that some clients from different cultures were angry, frustrated, and misunderstood
- There were signs of misdiagnosis and
mistreatment of clients from unknown cultures
- There were signs that nurses, physicians,and other professional health personnel were becoming quite frustrated in caring for cultural strangers
- There were many signs of intercultural conflicts and cultural pain among staff that led to tensions
Person
Environment
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Cultural conflicts, cultural impositions practices, cultural stresses, and cultural pain reflect the lack of Culture Care knowledge to provide culturally congruent, responsible, safe, and sensitive care.
Every human culture has generic (i.e., lay, folk, or indigenous) care knowledge and practices and usually professional care knowledge and practices, which vary transculturally and individually.
Health
Nursing
. Care is the essence of nursing and a distinct, dominant, central, and unifying focus.
Culturally based care (caring) is essential for well-being, health, growth, and survival, and to face handicaps or death.
Culturally based care is the most comprehensive and holistic means to know, explain, interpret, and predict nursing care phenomena and to guide nursing decisions and actions.
Transcultural nursing is a humanistic and scientific care discipline and profession with the central purpose to serve individuals, groups, communities, societies, and institutions.
Culturally based caring is essential to curing and healing, for there can be no curing without caring, but caring can exist without curing.
. Culture Care concepts, meanings, expressions, patterns, processes, and structural forms of care vary transculturally with diversities (differences) and some universalities (commonalities).
The ethnonursing qualitative research method provides an important means to accurately discover and interpret emic and etic embedded, complex, and diverse Culture Care data
Culture Care values, beliefs, and practices are influenced by and tend to be embedded in the worldview, language, philosophy, religion (and spirituality), kinship, social, political, legal, educational, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and environmental context of cultures.
Beneficial, healthy, and satisfying culturally based care influences the health and well-being of individuals, families, groups, and communities within their environmental contexts.
Culturally congruent and beneficial nursing care can occur only when care values, expressions, or patterns are known and used explicitly for appropriate, safe, and meaningful care.
Culture Care differences and similarities exist between professional and client-generic care in human cultures worldwide.
Major Concepts of the Transcultural
Nursing Theory
Cultural care consists of two dimensions:
- cultural care model
2.cultural competence
folk / indigenous or naturalistic lay care system
(professional health care system
DEFINITIONS
Human care and caring
The concept of human care and caring refers to the abstract and manifest phenomena with expressions of assistive, supportive, enabling, and facilitating ways to help self or others with evident or anticipated needs to improve health, a human condition, or lifeways, or to face disabilities or dying.
Culture
Culture refers to patterned lifeways, values, beliefs, norms, symbols, and practices of individuals, groups, or institutions that are learned, shared, and usually transmitted from one generation to another.
Culture care
Culture Care refers to the synthesized and culturally constituted assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative caring acts toward self or others focused on evident or anticipated needs for the client’s health or well-being, or to face disabilities, death, or other human conditions.
Culture care diversity
Culture Care diversity refers to cultural variability or differences in care beliefs, meanings, patterns, values, symbols, and lifeways within and between cultures and human beings.
Culture care universality
Culture Care universality refers to commonalities or similar culturally based care meanings (“truths”), patterns, values, symbols, and lifeways reflecting care as a universal humanity.
Worldview
Worldview refers to the way an individual or a group looks out on and understands the world about them as a value, stance, picture, or perspective about life and the world.
Cultural and social structure dimensions
Cultural and social structure dimensions refer to the dynamic, holistic, and interrelated patterns of structured features of a culture
Environmental context
Environmental context refers to the totality of an environment
physical,
geographic
sociocultural
Ethnohistory
Ethnohistory refers to the sequence of facts, events, or developments over time as known, witnessed, or documented about a designated people of a culture.
Etic
Etic refers to the outsider’s or more universal views and values about a phenomenon.
Health
Health refers to a state of well-being or a restorative state that is culturally constituted, defined, valued, and practiced by individuals or groups and that enables them to function in their daily lives.
Transcultural nursing
Transcultural nursing refers to a formal area of humanistic and scientific knowledge and practices focused on holistic Culture Care (caring) phenomena and competencies
was a nursing theorist, nursing professor and developer of the concept of transcultural nursing.
Honors and awards
1998: Living Legend, American Academy of Nursing
1998: Distinguished Fellow, Royal College of Nursing (Australia)
The cultural care theory aims to provide culturally congruent nursing care through "cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made to fit with individual's, group's, or institution's cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways" (Leininger, M. M. (1995). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research & practices. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc.5, p. 75) This care is intended to fit with or have beneficial meaning and health outcomes for people of different or similar cultural backgrounds.
sunrise model leininger
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