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Theoretical Perspective of Public Policy Making - Coggle Diagram
Theoretical Perspective of Public Policy Making
ELITE
Process
By making small changes to the earlier decisions/policy
by making decision base on their preferences, priorities, values (nilai) and interests towards some problem instead of the massess.
By shaping massess opinion.
Assumptions
Masses
Administrator
Elite
Strengths/Weakness
Theory clearly describe who policy maker are and how they make decision, but not explaining policy making of the new policy
Public policy not reflective of public demand, but rather a product of the elites values
GROUP
The theory assumed there are many groups in the society known as interest groups that fights to preserved their interest:
Weakness
in reality many people in the society are not represented / poorly represented.
How groups influence decision makers also not clearly described
The theory not clearly described how government reacted towards group struggle and make policy decision.
Strenghts
.
Group is not the only influencing factor in policy making as the theory assumed. Other factors such as idea and the institution also influence policy decision-making significantly.
The theory assumed members of society are represented by their own group.
The theory assumed members of society are represented by their own group.
Process
Groups influences government decision makers to shape decisions that would protect / preserved interest of the group.
Some groups able to influence decision makers more; some able to influence less and some are not able to influence at all. This process of influencing is known as group struggle.
Group struggle causes inequilibrium in a society
Government will act as a referee toward group struggle by making decisions that could accomodate interest of all group.
The decision amde will resolve conflict / struggle between group. The decision is known as policy decision
POLITICAL SYSTEM
This theory assumed public policy is the output from political system responses to the demand arising from its environment
Elements
Env
Feedback
Output
Political System
Input
Process
Policy is formulated within the political system (black box) but no description given on how political system makes decision
Policy making is influence by political system responses to its environmet
Strenghts/Weakness
The theory suggest policy decision is made by the political system, but its roles and functions is not clearly described
The theory not focusing on the process and procedure of making policy, rather on factors that influence policy making / policy decision-making.
RATIONAL CHOICE
This decision is made by groups of individuals through political process to maximize own self-interest (individual interest) and to achieve ‘maximum social gain’
Process
Political actor define and pick one from many public problem to solve
Political actor gather all facts (information) then listed and ranked all alternatives according to priorities to solve problem (all information required to list and rank is assume available)
Political actor analyzes alternative - determine all consequences such as cost, benefits, advantages and disadvantages resulting from each of the alternative
Political actor compares accuracy / efficiency of each of the consequences determined with alternative
Political actor chooses (decides) the alternative and its consequences that would maximized goal / objective based on his/her self interest (own value)
Strenghts/Weakness
Theory clearly explain decision making process.
Assumptions of making decision are rigid and narrow from reality
INCREMENTAL
Assumpations
Existence of plularist society
Policy is made by policy maker (the administrators / legislators).
Policy maker makes decision to achieve policy goal / objective
Policy is made through a ‘muddling through ‘ decision-making process.
Policy making is a continous improvement process
Process
Policy is made by modifying existing / previous policy through a muddling through decision-making process.
The muddling process is done continiously
Strengths/Weakness
Decision making is clearly explained i. e. through a muddling through process.
Indicates that policy making is a remedial and serial proces
Indicates a conservative policy making – good - if government wants to maintain status qou. Not good if government wants to introduce major changes/innovation
Policy is formulated by administrators by ‘playing give and take’ game is not reflective of the general practice of policy-making
NEO-INSTITUTIONAL
assumed institutions induces behavior of policy actors as an individual person in making policy decision in an attempt to maximize their own personal interest
Element
Actor
Behavior
Inst
System
Process
Actors makes decision within the political institutions,
In making policy decisions, actors interacts within institution, system and procedures to achieve political and policy goals
Official actor makes decision (policy) because they are given responsibilities and power to do so (by rules/procedures)
Unofficial actor participated in decision (policy) making process because they have rights to do so / to protect / promote their interest. Who are they? Media, Think Tanks
Strengths/Weakness
Roles and functions / influence of political parties, various groups in a society, and public opinions not fully explained
Policy-making process not clearly described