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Force and Motion - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Liquid pressure is exerted on the surface of an object in a liquid. This pressure causes upthrust. An object placed in a liquid will begin to sink. As it sinks, the liquid pressure on it increases and so the upthrust increases. For a floating object, the upthrust is equal and opposite to the object’s weight. An object will continue to sink if its weight is greater than the maximum upthrust.
  - - - Archimedes' principle of buoyancy. Here a 5-kg object immersed in water is shown being acted upon by a buoyant (upward) force of 2 kg, which is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the immersed object. The buoyant force reduces the object's apparent weight by 2 kg—that is, from 5 kg to 3 kg.
- - - - When two surfaces are moving with respect to one another, the frictional resistance is almost constant over a wide range of low speeds, and in the standard model of friction the frictional force is described by the relationship below. The coefficient is typically less than the coefficient of static friction, reflecting the common experience that it is easier to keep something in motion across a horizontal surface than to start it in motion from rest.
    - - The smoothness of the surface
      - The smoothness of the sliding object
      - The force between the two bodies in the normal direction (perpendicular to sliding direction)
      - Friction also depends on the design of an object
      - Friction is independent of the area contact
      - Type of friction involved (rolling/sliding)
      - Sliding surface’s state of matter (solid/fluid)
    - - Static frictional forces from the interlocking of the irregularities of two surfaces will increase to prevent any relative motion up until some limit where motion occurs. It is that threshold of motion which is characterized by the coefficient of static friction. The coefficient of static friction is typically larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
- - - - Two objects sliding past each other experience friction forces.
        For example, a box sliding down a slope.
    - - An electrostatic force is experienced by any charged particle in an electric field.
        
        Opposite charges (+ and -) attract:
        
        Like charges (- and -, or + and +) repel:
    - - A gravitational force is experienced by any mass in a gravitational field.
        
        Masses are attracted towards each other by gravitational force.
    - - A magnetic force is experienced by any magnetic material in a magnetic field.
        
        Opposite magnetic poles (N-S or S-N) attract each other:
        
        Like magnetic poles (N-N or S-S) repel each other:
    - - Contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are physically touching each other.
    - - An object at rest on a surface experiences a normal contact force. For example, a book on a table.
    - - An object that is being stretched experiences a tension force. For example, a cable holding a ceiling lamp.
    - - An object moving through the air experiences air resistance. For example, a skydiver falling through the air.