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India's Road to Independence - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Right to close anti-Biritsh newspapers
      - War law
      - Similar measures implemented in London
      - Indians expected that this would go away at the end of WWI
    - - AKA the Rowlatt Act
      - Continuation of Wartime control of the Birtish
      - Unlimited detention without trial
      - 2 years in prison for any suspicion
      - Trial without Jury
      - "Anarchaic behvaiour" relates to the criticism against the British
      - Reasoning
        
        Suppress political unrest
        
        Bengal, Bombay and Punjab are biggest targets
        
        Historian Metclaf:
  - - - Betrayal
      - Hartal strike
      - Devolved into violence
    - - More united
    - - Political moderates
        
        Insult to Indian contribution to the war effort
      - Portest marches
      - Organised by Home Rule Leagues and Muslim Kalifat
      - Lahore and Amritsar most provocated
- - - - Baikashi Festival
        
        Important Sikh event
        
        large number of people
        
        Located at the Jallianwalla Bagh
        
        enclosed on three sides
    - - Reason: to show strength
      - 379 killed, 1200 injured within 10 minutes
      - women and children killed
      - Soldiers blocked exits and flanked
      - Wounded and dead to fend for themselves
    - - Oppressive measures of martial law
      - Public floggings, arbitrary punishments
      - Crawling order
        
        crawl on stomach
        
        where British missionary attacked
  - - - Meetings in Lahore
        
        Only mild criticism
      - Dyer forced to resign
      - Some in London expressed praise
    - - Debate in Britain
        
        Support
        
        House of Lords
        
        Condemnation
        
        House of Commons
      - Montagu, Secretary of State to India (STATEMENT IN JULY 1920)
        
        "Racial humiliation"
        
        "Embarking into terrorism"
    - - Indian voters
        
        Support COngress
        
        Wanted to end British Rule
        
        Sick and tired of British
      - Moderates
        
        Used to be Indian elites
        
        Used to be loyal to Britain
      - Gandhi
        
        Congress member
        
        Highly critical of Amritsar
  - - - Uncontrollable violence
        
        General Reggie Dyer
        
        Prohibiting public meetings
        
        Curfew
      - Buildings burned
      - Banks stormed
      - Europeans attacked
    - - Fear of another Mutiny
      - Punjabis must be taught a lesson!!
- - - - 1917: Consulted politicians and public opinion
      - Research becomes basis for GOIA
      - Other developments occurred
        
        Rowlatt
        
        Amritsar
        
        Defense of India Act
  - - - Indians in general and moderates
        
        welcomed
        
        equality at last
      - Home Rule League
        
        National Conggress rejected Montagu-Chelmsford
        
        First elections boycotted
        
        No true full Indian rule
        
        Reserved seats seen as exclusive, divisive, undemocratic
      - Nationalist movements
        
        Initially a small political elite
        
        Genuine mass movement
  - - - Divided power of the British and Indians
    - - Viceroy to be advised by 3 Indian civilians and 3 British Commander-in-chiefs
      - Viceroy to enforce laws even thought legislative councils might reject them
      - Provincial and central legislative councils were enlarged' elected rather than appointed
      - Reserved seats for religious and special interest groups (land owners, business interests, etc.)
      - Provincial councils were given control to education, health, agriculture and other governmental sectors
      - British still have control to taxes, foreign policy, communicatioms, military and criminal law
      - The right to vote was extended - linked to the amount and type of tax paid to the British; about 10% of Indian male population was enfranchised.