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Chemistry Paper 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - All substances are made up of tiny particles called atoms
      - They are very small at around 1 x 10^(-10) meters
      - They have a positive nucleus containing protons and neutrons
      - Protons have +1 charge, neutrons have 0 charge and electrons have -1 charge
      - Electrons orbit the nucleus in set energy shells
    - - Some elements exist as molecules where two elements are joined together
    - - A compound is two or more elements chemically joined together
    - - An ion is a charged particle
      - They form when an atom gains or loses an electron
      - An ionic compound has ions that balance out the charge, so it becomes neutral
    - - Dalton - published his ideas of tiny particles called atoms
      - Thomson - discovered the electron and created the plum pudding model
      - Rutherford - experimented with gold foil and discovered the positvely charged nucleus with empty space surrounding it
      - Bohr - found out that electrons orbit the nucleus with a set number of shells
      - Chadwick
  - - - A pure substance consists of one type of element or compound
    - - A mixture consists of two or more different substances
      - They can be seperated by physical processes
      - Filtration - how you seperate an insoluble solid from a liquid
      - Small molecules like water flows through the filter paper whereas large molecules like the solid doesn't flow through
      - Crystallisation - producing solid crystals from a solution
      - When the solution is heated some of the solvents evapourate leaving behind crystals
      - Simple Distillation - separating a solvent from a solution
      - The higher boiling point of the solvent makes it evapourate when heated and is condensed to form a liquid again
      - Fractional Distillation - seperating different liquids from a mixture of liquids
      - There are different levels where different liquids cool and condense
      - Paper Chromotography - using paper to separate soluble substances
      - The different dyes in ink travel up the paper depending on how much they like being in the mobile phase
- - - - The chemical symbol of an element is made up of one or two letters and always starts with a capital letter
      - If it has a subscript 2 next to it, this means it is a molecule
- - - - The reactants are the substances that react together in the chemical reaction
      - The products are the substances that form from the chemical reaction
      - They are usually represented by reactants --> products
    - - Elements often has state symbols to show what state the element is in
      - (s) - solid
      - (l) - liquid
      - (g) - gas
      - (aq) - aqueous solution disolved in water
      - The law of the conservation of mass states that no atoms are created or destroyed during a chemical reaction
      - Both sides of a symbol equation need to be balanced with the same number of atoms