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ACTORS IN WORLD POLITICS - Coggle Diagram
ACTORS IN WORLD POLITICS
INTERNATIONAL, GLOBAL, OR TRANSNATIONAL
The world has become global
4 dimenstions of globalisation
people
capital
politics
culture
globalisation as a series of processes
deterritorialisation
interdependence
time/spacing compression
Making sense of gobalisation: 3 approaches
the internaitonal approach
the world is divided in domestic and International -- states are the main actors -- other actors exist but are negligible
the "globalist" approach
no boarders -- undifferentiated investment surface -- decreased relevance of states
the transnational critique
relations developed between state and non-state actors (transngovernmentalism) -- conceptualisation: how do states and non-state actors react to globalisation
Directions for a transnational approach
Territorial trap (John Agnew)
sovereingty is not absolute but rational
rule existed in other forms -- territorial state is a recent invention -- no strict division and internaitonal -- transnational elite networks/transgovernmentalism
the space of power (domestic vs international) is not homogenous, but networked
unified territorial control has a history -- effective territorial sovereignty is a myth -- power operates much more trough networks which don't follow an international and domestic distinction -- transnational social fields
identities are not homogenous but multiple and hybrid
nationalism is historically determined -- identities have never entirely fit territorial boarders -- globalisation has reinforced discrepancy -- hybridity rather than homogeneity
TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES: MIGRATION AND DIASPORAS
I. Concepts and definition
Diaspora: the spread of a concept
the Jewish diaspora -- the Black Atlantic -- is everyone a diaspora?
diasporas and diaspori actors
defining diasporas -- the diasporic triangle
II. Diasporas as challengers of the nation-state
shovelling out the paupers: Ireland
a "liberal" politica economy and Malthusianism -- policies of desired emigration -- a territorial understanding of state policies
populating the nation-state: the Zionist project
national and social ideologies -- policies of inward migration -- the nation-state as the model
emigration as danger: the Balkans example
a context of authoritarian states -- exporting the right to kill -- closed borders, travelling police
III. Diasporas as resources for the nation-state
guest workers programs: Turkey and Mexico
the liberal welfare state -- producing transportable labor force -- producing the "domestic abroad"
war and peace: diasporas and the war in Yugoslavia
diasporas as lobbies -- diasporas as war makers -- diasporas as peace makers
diasporas and global nation-states
structural factors of change -- a fusion of economic, cultural and political policies -- re-bordering the state, reordering the nation
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME
III. SUBVERTING AND MANIPULATING SOVEREIGNTY
weakening state domestic sovereingty
5 dimensions: criminal justice, social welfare, business regulations, border control, electoral politics
manipulating international sovereignty
host states -- transhipment states -- service states
taking over the state
taking control (captured) -- states-making as successful organised crime?
II. AN ILLICIT INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
the big three: drug, people and small arms
alcohol, cigarettes, diamonds and anttiques
money laundering
I. DEFENDING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME
the rise of transnational crime
economic and political liberalisation since the 60s (West) -- democratisation since 80 and the 90s (east and south) -- technological developmnet of communication and transportation
typology of organised criminal structures
centralised structures -- networked structures -- ad-hoc structures
definitions
international official definitions -- definitions in terms of practice
SOVEREINGTY AND THE NATION STATE
I. From transnational to the national
main points
the nation state is often a violent project aimed at reducing the world into the national and the internaitonal
defining the state and the nation
state by Mann -- nation by Smith
II. The formation of states
people and institutions before the nation-state
political institutions -- communities
why did states appear?
extracting resources for war -- bureaucracies and political institutions
why did the territorial states appear? (Spruyt)
city states -- empires -- territorial states
III. The slow emergence of the nation-state
the myth of Westphalia (1648)
sovereignty by Kransner (4 different kind: domestic, interdependence, international legal, Westphalian)
the permanence of translation processes
transnational elites -- the European colonial domination -- the circulation of people
the violent territorialisation of modern nations
the territorial homogenisation of nations -- the invention of the passport -- the nationalisation of the minds
TRANSNATIONAL RELIGIOUS ACTORS
I. the failed secularisation of world politics
Why speak of the secularisation of world politics?
the principles of Westphalia -- rationalism and modernism -- the alleged secularisation of the world
The resurgence of religion
Islam, Christianism and Hinduism -- religion as a response to globalisation
two conceptualisations of transnational religion
transnational religious actors -- transnational political actors using religious discourse
II. Religions as transnational imagined communities
religions as transnational imagined communitites
the notion of imagined community -- alternative maps of community -- religion as the suspicious "other" -- print capitalism
transnational practices of community
religion as a local practice -- pilgrimages as a binding practice
III. Religions as transnational actors
subverting state sovereignty
the liberation theology -- the Catholic Church and communism --Muslim brotherhood and Nasser
transnationalising state sovereingty
colonialism and missionaries -- the young nation-states and the fear of Rome's influence -- Turkey, Morocco: managing Islam at a distance
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
I. what are the TNCs?
TNCs in contact
the importance of TNCs -- assumptions about the nature of TNCs -- ranking TNCs -- are all TNCs transnational?
The recent rise of TNCs
foreign direct investment (FDI) -- the growth of foreign direct investment -- patterns of TNC operations
Explaining the behaviour of TNCs
internaitonal product cycle theory -- appropriablity theory (Caves)
II. TNCs and the state
TNCs strategies
Hymer: Branch factory syndrome -- politics and protectionist barriers -- currency instability -- location specific advantages --global competition
TNC and imperialism
agents of capitalist imperialism? -- imperialism -- agents of western hegemony
TNCs as a state-level actors
Stopford and strange: triangular diplomacy -- "footloose" as corporation vs territorialised states