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Geography- The Changing Economic World, The Living World - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Physical Factors:
        
        Landlocked Countries: these countries have no opportunity for waterborne trade which can mean there are bad transport links and slow development
        Climates: countries with a hot, dry climate limiting crop growth and water sullply so the have to spend money importing basic resources. also, in a difficult climate to do physical labour in, workers are less efficient.
        Extreme Weather:
        e.g cyclones, droughts, floods. These damage crops and infrastructure and can delay work load in bad weather months.
        Lack of Basic Resources: Countries with a lack of clean water can often find their workers getting sick and being unable to work, which slows development.
        Diseases Spreading: Africa, South America and Asia have many climate related diseases (e.g malaria carried by mosquitos) which kills the population and therefore the workforce.
        Topography: countries that are mountainous often have poor or very long transport links which slows down development
      - Human Factors:
        
        Politics: Corruption within the government and spending money elsewhere is a big issue in some governments. The stability of a government has a huge impact on the countries ability to function. Also, the countries ability to invest in infrastructure and healthcare can be impacted by politics and how money is spent within a country.
        History: colonialism has helped Europe develop, but slowed down the development of many other countries. On top of this, countries that began industrialisation have developed a lot more than countries that began it not so long ago.
        Trade: The rich countries often exploit the poorer countries who can supply them with resources by paying the least possible they can for the product. However, since the poorer countries are desperate for trade links and money, they often have to accept being manipulated. Some countries have a 'debt trap' to the richer countries which slows development.
        Aid: Aid can help some countries gain funding for projects such as putting money towards infrastructure or improving quality of life. However, too much reliance on aid can prevent trade links being formed.
        Education: If the education is good in a country, the no. of people who can help in higher skilled jobs increases and development increases due to the skilled jobs e.g doctor, lawyer. Educated people then earn more money and pay more taxes, which can then be reinvested into the country.
        Health: If the healthcare in a country is poor, then more people will get seriously ill and will be unable to do their jobs, limiting development. However, more money spent on healthcare means less money on development.
    - - Foreign-Direct Investment: This is when a country/ TNC buys property/ infrastructure in another country.
        Multiplier Effect: when industrial development brings employment, higher incomes and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure.
        Why do TNCs choose to locate in an LIC?
        
        the labour is cheaper there as there is often not a minimum wage. 2. it could expand the countries reach and provide them a stage to expand globally.
        
        ADVANTAGES:
        
        it leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise.
        
        investment in the countries infrastructure
        
        jobs are created which provide skills to the workers.
        DISADVANTAGES
        1.. the quality of the workspace ,ay be poor and the workers may be paid an unfair wage.
        
        TNCs don't tend to care about the environment.
        
        Profits go back tot he HIC headquarters.
      - Aid & Intermediate Technology: This is given from one country/ organisation to another country as money/ resources.
        Bilateral Aid: When one government directly transfers money to another country.
        Multilateral Aid: Money provided by governments to international organisations like the UN or the World Bank.
        Intermediate (appropriate) Technology:
        Suited to the needs, skills, resources, wealth and knowledge of the people who live in a local area.
        Top Down Aid:
        the aid goes to the governments to help in the ways they think its appropriate. This can improve healthcare, infrastructure and transport links, education and tends to last a long time. However, issues with corruption can cause the money to be diverted into immoral things like improving their military. There is also a worry that a country can not be sustainable on their own, as they will become too reliant on aid that it delays their own development.
        Bottom up aid:
        This is aid going directly into the local people and towns, as NGOs tailor schemes to fit their needs. This is a beneficial approach as this is a more sustainable approach and has less money lost to corruption. However, this relies on the donations of people so if people donate less there is less money available for the people it could help.
      - Fair Trade: Where farmers get a fair price for goods produced.
        + They are paid fairly so they can develop their businesses and make a livelihood
        - Only a tiny proportion of extra monet reachers producers
      - Appropriate Technology: This includes tools, machines and affordable equipment to improve the quality of life.
        ADVANTAGES:
        
        renewable energy used is less polluting and more affordable.
        
        Often improves the education and skills of local people.
        
        tends to be more sustainable
        DISADVANTAGES
        
        requires initial investment
        
        can be hard to co-ordinate projects with several NGOs involved.
      - Debt Relief: This is when the worlds richest countries will nullify the debt of the world's poorest 39 countries so they can focus on other things.
        Causes of Debt crisis:
        
        In the 1970's and 1980's, LICs borrowed significant sums of money from the World Bank and HICs to invest in their own industry.
        
        The low value of the goods they produced lowered the value of their exports and they started losing money.
        
        by 2000 there were 39 Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs) which had high levels of poverty and were unable to pay back the interest of their debts.
        Debt Relief:
        In 2005 the world's richest countries agreed to cancel debt is the countries could control their own finances, prove there was no corruption and spend the money on education and healthcare. By 2015, 36/39 passed and were cleared of debt. Tanzania's school attendance increased by 66% because of this and Uganda were able to provide clean water for 2 million people.
        DISADVANTAGES:
        
        Encourages countries to fall further in debt
        
        Corrupt governments won't spend the money on the poor.
      - Microfinance: This is when the small-scale support is given from banks to help the poor. E.g: Grameen Bank, Bangladesh: The bank was started in 1976. So far over $11 billion has been given to 7 million members. The loans given are often less than $100 with small interest rates. Sometimes, they lend $200 to local village women to buy phones to help make profit. ADVANTAGES: 1. helps on a local scale 2. Means people can become self-sufficient 3. There are small interest rates on the loans and helps small businesses. 4. More women are helped. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Larger programs may make a more significant difference, as this cant solve poverty on a larger scale on its own. 2. This can't fund large large projects.