Chapter 10-12, 14
soil
different reserves of water
fossil fuels
agriculture
confined aquifer
unconfined aquifer
hydrologic cycle
water infiltrates soil, percolates downward, it is purified as it moves and then it recharges aquifers
water quality vs. quantity
what is an aquifer?
a body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater
quantity - timing and total yield of water from a watershed
quality - condition of water
soil composition
soil texture
forming factors of soil
climate, biota, parent material, topography, time
mineral, organic matter, living organisms, gas, and water
what do plants require for soils to grow?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay sized particles that make up the mineral
Kieta Project
established by the Italian government and it targeted soil degradation by overpopulation. this helped alleviate food insecurity and desertification
soil horizons
O - organic layer, A - mineral horizon darkened for agriculture, E - leached due to water movement, B - zone of accumulation, C - least weathered layer, R - bedrock
NJ soils
histosols, spodosols, ultisols
roundup ready crops
types of deficiencies people face in developing countries
substitence farming
nearly all of the crops or livestock are raised and used to maintain farmer and farmers family/friends
GMO's
genetically modified organisms, or organisms recieving genes from other organisms by genetic engineering
transgenic
marker-assisted breeding
gene taken from completely different organism
traditional breeding sped up using molecular biological techniques
soy, maize (corn), canola, sugar beets, cotton, alfalfa
undernourishment
malnutrition
hunger
most common used fossil fuel
oil
bitumen
formation of fossil fuels
photosynthesis exceeds composition, it then takes millions of years but detritus accumulates. Organic matter is then buried under the sediments and lastly with time, heat and pressure, fossil fuels like oil, coal and others can be extracted
kerogen
component of oil shale
used as binder for asphalt for road, runways, parking lots, and foot path
mountain top mining
extremely devastating type of mining that is used to get coal from mountain tops by violently exploding them and destroying the environment there