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Nervous System Hiepsy Barrientos P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Hiepsy Barrientos P.6
Major functions of the nervous system
: 1:
Sensory input
- information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes 2:
Integration
- Processing and interpretation of sensory input 3:
Motor output
- Activation of effector organs (muscle and glands) produces a response
Connective Tissue Coverings
Endonerium
: loose connective tissue enclosing axon & mylein.
Perineurium
: course connective tissue into fascicles.
Epineurium
: tough fibrous sheath around fascicles to nerve
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
- Consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Interprets sensory input and controls the motor output. Tracts (bundles of neuron processes).
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- All the nerves that lie outside of the CNS.
Ganglia
-a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.
Spinal nerves
to and from the spinal cord.
Cranial nerves
to and from the brain. Nerves (bundles of neuron processes).
Sensory (afferent)
division-
Somatic sensory fibers
- carry out impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS.
Visceral sensory fibers
- carries out impulses from the internal organs to CNS.
Motor (efferent)
division- transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)
Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
- consists of visceral motor nerve fibers, regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands as well.
Parasympathetic division
- Conserves energy and promotes housekeeping functions during rest ( rest and digest) stores glucose.
Sympathetic division
- Prepares body systems for activity (flight or flight) releases glucose
Somatic nervous system (voluntary)
- Somatic nerve fibers conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle and have control over what skeletal muscles are doing.
Tissues
Neurons(nerve cells)
- excitable cells that transmit electrical signals. Last a person's lifetime, has a high metabolic rate (requires oxygen and glucose), all have a cell body(aka perikaryon or soma).
Nuclei
- Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
Ganglia
-Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Processes-
Dendrites
are the receptive (input) region of neuron.
Axons
is the conducting region of neuron.
Neuroglia (glial cells)
- small cells that wrap around delicate neurons. They divide and produce mitosis.
Microglial cell
- Primary immune defense of
CNS
.
Ependymal cells
- Found in walls of the ventricals, produce cerebrospinal fluid that circulates around the brain which protects the brain from injury and removing waste products from the brain (
CNS
)
Astrocytes (most adbundant)
- Star shaped. Neuronal support, Repair damage, regulate neuronal communication, and maintain blood-barrier (
CNS
).
Oligodendrocytes
- Responsible for covering neurons with an insulatory material called myelin (
CNS
).
Satellite cells
- Protects and supports neuron and regulated neural environment. (Similar to astrocytes) (
PNS
)
Schwann cells
(neurolemocystes)-Responsible for covering neurons with an insulatory material called myelin (
PNS
).
Classification of Neurons
Structural classification of neurons
-
Multipolar
has three or more processes (1 axon, other dendrites).
Bipolar
has two processes (one axon, 1 dendrite).
Unipolar
(pseudounipolar) is one T-like process (two axons)
Functional classification of neurons
-
Sensory neurons
transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS, all are all mostly unipolar.
Interneurons
lie between motor and sensory neurons.
Motor neurons
carry impulses from CNS to effector, are mostly multipolar.
Disorders
Autonomic Dysreflexia
: life threatening with an uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
Hypertension
: overactive response to stress.aka high blood pressure making the heart work harder and artery walls increase wear and tear
Anencephaly
: cerebrum and brain stem never develop because neural fluid fails to fuse
Hydrocephalus
: Blocks CSF circulation, can compress blood vessels and crush soft neurons
Huntington's:
fatal heredity disorder caused by accumulation of protein in the brain cells
Alzhemer's
: progressive degeneration diseases that results
in dementia aka lose of memory
Neurofibrillary Tangles
: neurons interfere with mechanism
killing the neuron
Meningitis
: inflimation in the brain caused threw menings
Cerebral palsy
: neuromuscular disability involving poorly controlled or paralyzed voluntary muscles
Spina Bifida
: incomplete formation of vertebral arches.
Laminae and spinous are missing on vertebra
Spina Bifida Occulata
: least serious and has one or few vertebra are missing
Raynaud's Disease
: pain in fingers and toes turning your
digitalis pale
Parkinson's
: the basal nuclei is deprived resulting in tumors
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin: Contributes to well-being and happiness. Helps the sleep cycle and digestive system. Affected by light exposure and exercise
Adrenaline: produced in stressful or exciting situations. In crease in blood pressure and heart rate leading to heightened awareness
Dopamine: feelings of pleasure but also addiction, movement, and motivation. Also can be classified as repeated behavior.
Acetylcholine: Involved with thought, memory, and leaming Also associated with awareness and attention to activate
muscles in the body.
Major parts and functions of the brain
The Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
: Located below thalamus. Forms cap over brain stem and forms third ventricle. Main visceral control and vital to
homeostasis
Epithalamus
: Most dorsal portion of diencephalon. Comes last meaning its more dorsal or deepest Forms roof of third ventricle and contains pineal body
Thalamus
: acts as a relay station for information. Sends impulses from cerebellum to hypothalamus. Helps with memory and sensory integration.
Mammillary Bodies
: Acts as olfactory relay stations.
Cerebellum
: 11% of brain mass. Contains arbor vitae this a tree like image of gray and white matter.
Infundibulum
: Stalk that connects to pituitary gland.
Meninges
: protects the brain and CNS and contains CSF
Arachnoid Mate
r: middle layer
Subaracnoid
: filled with cerebral spinal fluid and blood vessels
Dura Mate
r: strongest menix used for main protection
Pia Mate
r: closest to brain clinging tightly transparent lay
Brain Stem: controls autonomic behaviors necessary for
survival
Pons
: Located between midbrain and medulla. The fourth ventricle separates pons from cerebellum. It helps maintain normal rhythm of breathing
Midbrain
: Located between diencephalon and pons
Medulla Oblongata
: Knows as medulla. Blends into spinal cord at formamen magnum. At the end and almost connects to spinal cord. Contains Choroid Plexus: forms cerebral spinal fluid
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Efferent pathways
: uses a two neuron chain
Preganglionic neuron
: on inside CNS is thin and lighty meyinagd expanding to ganglion.
Postganglionic neuron:
outside CNS that effects to effector organ
Effectors
: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth & glands
Drugs
Marijuana
: binds to cannabis. responsis for making one feel relaxed and calm
LSD
: responsible for feeling of wakefulness and evokes response to stimulus
Methamphetamine
: mimics dopamine and is highly addictive becuase it works directly on the brain's pathway. feels intense asure and exhilaration
Alcohol
: affects memory formation, decision making, and impulse control
Cocaine
: active in brain controlling voluntary movements
and may cause a fidget
Inhalants
: In sprays and gases and can be inhaled. affectsthe brain with force and speed, causes hallucinations,confusion and sudden death with brain damage and seizures
MDMA
: known as ecstasy taken by swallowing or snorting and is a stimulant. causes an increase in energy and can create emotional connections with others
Nicotine
: in a cigar, tobacco, puff or pipe. is a stimulant and can have a calming effect with intense cravings and sleep disturbances
Opioids
: taken by a pill, injection, snorting and smoking. This is a drug from a poppy plant or made in a lab. this drug will rush your pleasure and enhance your pupils. Can cause clouded thinking and stop breathing if taken too much.
Psychedelics
: in mushrooms, cactus etc. is a hallucination drug taken by smoking, injecting, swallowing and snorting. you feel and hear things that are not real. you also increase body temperature, blood pressure, nausea and panic
Dissociative Drug
: a cough suppressor causing hallucinations and distortion of perception. you also may feel a detachment from body
Heroine
: produces feeling of sedation and well being.
responsible for feeling of transmission of pain signals and stress
Cranial nerves
Thoraic Nerves: 12 pairs
Coccygeal Nerves: 1 pair (small)
Cervical Nerves: 8 pairs
Lumbar Nerves: 5
Spinal nerves
facial
nerve also has both motor and sensory functions.
vestibulocochlear
nerve is involved with a person’s hearing and balance.
abducens
nerve also helps control eye movements.
glossopharyngeal
nerve possesses both motor and sensory functions.
trigeminal
nerve is the largest cranial nerve and has both motor and sensory functions.
vagus
nerve has a range of functions, providing motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions.
trochlear
nerve is also involved in eye movement.
accessory
nerve provides motor function to some muscles in the neck:
oculomotor
nerve helps control muscle movements of the eyes.
hypoglossal nerve
is a motor nerve that supplies the tongue muscles.
olfactory nerve
transmits information to the brain regarding a person’s sense of smell.
optic
nerve transmits information to the brain regarding a person’s vision.