06-Nervous System
Gisel Rubio-Sanchez
Period:7
Cranial Nerves
Major Functions
Classification of Neurons
Major Parts and Functions of the brain
Tissue
Spinal Nerves
Major Parts and Functions of the Spinal Cord
Major Divisions and subdivisions
Neurotransmitters
Connective Tissue Coverings
Action Potential and Nerve Impulse
Compare and Contrast the autonomic nervous system
Reflex Arc:Major parts and functions
Disorders associated with Nervous System
Neurotransmitters-are the chemical messengers in a synapse, that convey an electrical impulse from a neuron to another cell.
More than 100 neurotransmitters
Central Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system
Made up of the brain and spinal cord
Made up of cranial and spinal nerves that connects to CNS to the rest of the body.
Responsible for integration of information and decision-making
Contains sensory and motor divisions
Motor Functions
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls voluntary skeletal muscles
Controls involuntary effectors (smooth and cardiac muscle and glands)
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Epineurium
Outer Covering of a Nerve
Covering Around Fascicles (bundles) of nerve fibers
Covering around individual nerve fibers (axon)
The routes nerve impulses travel are called neural
pathways, the simplest
A sensory receptor that detects changes.
A sensory neuron, that carries the information from a receptor
toward the CNS.
31 pairs of Spinal nerves
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves
Most nerves are mixed nerves
contain sensory and motor nerve fibers some are also primarily motor
Pair 1- Cerebrum, Pair 2-Thalamus, most is brainstem
12 pairs are designated by number and name in order superior to inferior
All the first pairs are mixed nerves.
Grouped according to the level which they arise
8 paris- Cervical Nerves, 12 pairs- Thoracic Nerves, 5 pairs- Lumbar Nerves, 5 pairs- Sacral Nerves, 1 pair- Coccygeal Nerves
Dorsal Root contains Dorsal Root Ganglion house of cell bodies
Include acetylcholine, amino acids, neuropeptides
Neurotransmitter depends on type of receptors in a specific synapse
Neurons can produce one type of neurotransmitters or two to three
Acetylcholine- Controls skeletal muscle actions
Norepinephrine- Creates a sense of feeling good, low levels may lead to depression
Epinephrine- Strong emotions such as fear or anger
Interneuron- Carries information from sensory neurons to motor neuron
Motor Neuron- Carries instructions from brain or spinal cord out to effector
Sensory Neuron- Carries information from receptor into brain or spinal cord
Effector- Responds to stimulation by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action
Receptor- Sensing specific type of internal or external change
THe brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 membranes called meninges
Dura Mater- Outermost layer of meninges. Made up of tough, dense connective tissue, very thick, the sheath around the spinal cord is separated from the vertebrae by epidural space.
Arachnoid Mater- The middle layer of meninges, Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, contains cerebrospinal fluid
Pia Mater- Innermost layer of the meninges.
Neurons are grouped according to the number of processes that extend from the cell body.
Multipolar- Neurons that posses more than two processes.
Bipolar- Neurons that possesses two process
Unipolar-Neurons that posses one short single process
Lobes of the Brain
Parietal Lobe-Movement, Orientation, Recognition, Perception of stimuli
Occipital Lobe-Visual processing (eyes in the back of my head)
Frontal Lobe- Reasoning, Planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions and problem solving.
Temporal Lobe-Perception, Auditory Stimuli, memory and speech
Corpus Callosum-Connects two brain hemispheres cutting it
Cerebellum-Little Brain-Movement,Posture Balance
A neuron remains still until stimulated
Change resting potential in either direction
All-or-none response- charge reaches -55mV
Hyperpolarization and Depolarization may occur
Nerve Impulse-physicochemical change in the membrane of a nerve fiber that follows stimulation and serves to transmit a record of sensation
There are four steps of nerve impulse
Repolarization-Change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value
Hyperpolarization- Membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane
Action Potential- Traveling long distance
Refractory Period-Right after you reach a climax
There are three major parts of the spinal cord (regions)
Thoracic- Indicating the Chest
Lubar- indicating the Lower back
Cervical- Indicating the neck
Theses three regions are protected by the dura mater, arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
The main function of the spinal cord is to act as a shock absorber for the vertebrae. I will organize and stores information. It carries nutrients to the central nervous system to help remove waste.
The coccyx can also be part of the main parts
The responsibility of the nervous system it to help all the parts of the body to communicate with each other.
Parkinson's Disease is a brain disorder that leads to shaking,stiffness and difficulty walking, balance and coordination. This involves the Cerebellum
Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder of the nervous system. It causes tumors to grow on the nerves which can lead to pain and damage or loss of function
Epilepsy causes seizures or periods of usual behavior and sensations that can lead to lost of awareness
Alzheimer's Disease affects the brain function memory and behavior
The Nervous system is so important because it controls movement and balance including the five senses
It includes the Spinal cord, Nerves and the most important the Brain
Controlling- The five sense:
Regulating- Occurs in the brain, controlling your movements, thoughts and automatic response to the world around you
Communicating System- In the nerve cells send messages electrochemically. Chemicals cause electrical impulses
Taste- involving the primary gustatory cortex
Smell- Involving the olfactory Bulbs
Hearing- Involving the Temporal lobe and the ears
Touch- Involving the sensory cortex
Sight- Involving the Occipital Lobe
Compare-two components of the peripheral nervous system. Controlling muscle movement of the body
Contrast- The autonomic nervous system only has motor pathways, where the autonomic nervous system only has motor pathways.
Two neuron pathways