Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Public Policy in Latin America - Coggle Diagram
Public Policy in Latin America
National States
📚
Definition
:
National States
as the institution that has mastered the
monopoly of coercion
and legal violence (Weber)
Modern contemporary national States as
administrative expansionism
Construction of National States
Since when?
End of XIX century
✊🏽 Independencies and constitutions
1st phase of state development
Liberalism
and genesis of an latinamerican State
🌾 Rise of
agro-exportation
model
💰 Economic development that
required state development
needed roads and rails
Roads and rails led to more control, integrated tax systems
🧑🏽🌾 Question of
caudilhismo
Why ends? 💸
Rise of poor people -> unequal system
2nd phase of state development
Interventionist State
👩👩👦👦
Populist
governments
🛡
protectionists
measures
🏭
Industry
development
👨🏻⚖️ growth of
state apparatus
🟫 Persistency of
brown
zones
-> government has no control
Why ends?
80' and 90'
🌐 Internationalisation of economy
🏦 privatisation of national companies
🔖 restart of democracy
🇺🇸
Washington Consensus
-> neoliberal mesures for economic growth
📉 Latin America with financial troubles
3rd phase of state development
Washinton consensus -> towards a
minimal
state
👷🏼 economic reforms and State recompositions
🏦 privatisations of companies and services
🧑🏽🔧 less public apparatus
📑 Unstable and permeable bureaucracy -> burocracia plebeya (Perelmiter, 2016)
From when is it the conception of State?
XX century
Implantation of Public Policies
How are implemented public policies in this context of reduced state and unstable bureaucracy?
dependency of non-state actors
less centralised and with distinct actors
Delegation of State action
Origin:
Economic
Social
State Crisis with the Washington Consensus
Causes
:
Rise of
unemployment
and
informality
Rise of poverty
Fighting poverty became important topic -> new spirit of social policies
need to implement social programs -> growth of administrative apparatus
How is it done?
implementation decentralised and with contraprestación
actors that have direct contact with the public
Base Stakeholders for the State
social organilization and militants implementing social policies
"para-state" bureaucracy
When
? Since 2000'
Who
? disctict actors that act as para-state intermediaries;
Role?
distribution of State wealth and management of daily public administration
Progressist goverments
of 2000
ruptures and continuities
centralisation and bureaucratisation of social programs
intermediaries helping to resignificate State action
bureaucracy "
callejera
" -> conectaron between state and neighbourhoods
Connection between state and local needs
Work done by militants without specific competencies
Porosity between social-administrative work and political work
Fragile status
Precarious work situation
without a clear status
no work conditions
dependent of politics
Para-state is equal to
clientelism
?
Clientelism is trading favours inequality between boss and client
This model presupposes a passivity of the client
Auyero e Quiros believe this is a simplest approach
the periferia poor people are not passive
they use whatever tool necessary for their survival
they request whenever they wish
the parastatal institutions have limited power -> easily replaced
more than clientelism -> a insecure means of implementation -> people depend of para-state institutions that are already dependent and fragile
Privatisation of State
Fluctuant borders between state and market
privatisations lead to exploration of new areas -> oil in peru
When?
The 90'
Is it a symptom of State removal?
does not seem so, but a transformation of state control
Example: social security -> para-state as a partner not an alternative
State still has control, sets the rules
The private sector is a tool of the government
"dejar-hacer" -> indirect state control
Conclusion
in Latin America is easy to find a porosity between state and private sector
there is a permeability of frontiers
permeability does not mean state colapse
This is not a specific aspect of Latin America