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Nervous system Jenifer Barrios Period 6 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous system Jenifer Barrios Period 6
Drugs of Abuse and Mouse Party
Dissociative Drug: It is taken by swallowing, snorting, injecting, and smoking. It can cause loose of touch of reality. It can also cause fever, seizure, or death.
Heroine: It is injected and it produces immediate feelings.
Ecstasy: It is responsible for mood and sleep.
GHB & Rohypnol: It is taken by swallowing. It is a depressant.It affects the way we think and behave. It can slow our heart beat.
Psychedelics: It is swallowing, snorting, injecting and smoking. It is halcunation. It causes users to hear and feel things that are not real.
Marijuana: It affects the persons mood because it removes unneccesary short term memories.
Nicotine: It can be taken by smoking, inhaling, vaping, and chewing.It increases nerve activity and heart rate. It is highly addicted. It can also cause sleep disturbances.
Methamphetamine: It is addictive and makes people who use it feel pleasured.
MDMA: It is taken by swallowing and snorting.It is a stimulant. It can increase energy. It first became popular in dance clubs. It can cause seizures and panic attacks.
Alcohol:It affects areas of the brain involved in formation. It makes people have an impulsive control.
Inhalents: It is taken by inhaling. It is a stimulant.It is not designed to be a drug. It can affect the brain badly. It can also cause hallusion.
Cocaine: It makes people unable to stay still and calm. It controls voluntary movements.
Opiods: It can be taken by pill, patch, injecting, snorting, and smoking.It is a depresant. It causes pleasure but can also make you itchy.
LSD: It is responsible for the weakness and evoking.
Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis: An auto immune disease that affects mostly young people. It is treated with drugs that modify immune system
Autonomic neuropathy: damage to autonomic nerves that is a
common complication of diabetes mellitus
Autonomic dysreflexia: It is life threatning uncrontrolled activation of autonomic neurons in quadriplegics and people with spinal cord injuries above T6.
Raynauds disease: it is painful exaggerated vasconstrictor in fingers and toes . Digits turn pale, then cyanotic. It is treated with vasodilators.
Hypertension: it is high blood pressure, overactive sympathetic vasocontrictor response to stress. It can be treated with adreneric receptor blocking drugs
Phantom limb pain: pain felt in limb that has been amputated
Cranial Nerves
abducens nerve: innervating lateral rectus muscle
facial nerves:motor function includes facial expression, parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salvivary glands
trigeminal nerve: it is the largest cranial nerves, convey sensory impulses from various areas of face
vestinulocochlear nerve: adjustement of sensitivy of receptors
trochlear nerve: Primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball
glossopharyngeal nerve: innervate part of tounge and pharynx for swallowing
oculomotor nerve: Function in raising eyelid, direccting eyelid
vagus nerve :help regulate activates of heart, lungs, and abdominal
optic nerve: Purely sensory visual function
accessory nerve: controls the muscles in your neck
olfactory nerve: Sensory nerves of smell
hypoglossal nerve : helps muscles of tounge
Spinal nerves: There is 31 spianl nerves. They control motor sensory and other functions.
5 lumbar
5 sacral
12 thoracic
1 coccygeal
8 cervical
Visceral Reflex Arc has 5 components
CNS integration
Motor neuron:
Sensory neuron
Effector
Receptor
A simple reflex arc: helps controls our reflexes
Effector
Response
Motor Neuron
Integration Center
Sensory neuron
Receptor
Stimulus
Connective tissue coverings
Perineurium: coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fasicles
Epinerium: tough fibrous sheath around all fasciles to form the nerve
Endoneurium: loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths which are schwann cells
Action potential
Depolarization: Na channels open
Replarization: Na+ channels are inactivating and K+ channels opens.
Resting state: All gated Na+ and k+ channels are closed. It maintains the resting membrane potential
Hyperpolarization: Some K+ channels remain open , and Na+ channels reset. Some Ka+ channels stay open. Channels begin to reset
Refractory period: is when a neuron can not affect another AP
Nerve Impulse:
Is the main way neurons send signals. Action potentials do not decay over distances. In neurons it is a nerve impulse. It involves opening a certain type of voltage gated channels.
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS): Consist of the brain and spinal cord. It controls most functions of the body and mind . The brain is the main reason for our thoughts.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): It includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. It also carries sensory information. It allows us to send information to other parts of our body.
Autonomic Nervous system: controls muscles of internal organs
Somatic Nervous system: associated with the voluntary control of the body movements
Parasympathetic nervous system: promotes maintenance functions
Sympathetic division mobilizes body during activity:
Sensory division: transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS
Motor division: transmits impulses from CNS
Neurotransmitters: Are chemical messangers in the body. They transmit signals from nerve cells.
Most neurons make two or more neurotransmitters
language of nervous system
Neurons can exert several influences
Classified by chemical structure and function
amino acids make up all proteins
Acetylcholine (ACh):is released at neuromuscular junctions, Also used by many ANS neurons and some CNS neurons
Direct action: neurotransmitter binds directly to and opens ion channels
Indirect action: neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers
Classifications of neurons
Interneurons: They connect spinal motor and sensory neurons. It also transmits signals between sensory and motor neurons.
Motor neurons: Controls all of our muscle movements
Sensory neurons: Nerve cells that are activated by sensory input
Tissues ( structure and functions of neurons and neurologi
Neurons
Dendrites: they have information from other cells
Axon: every neuron has an axon. Our body transmits it
Myelin sheath: they protect the axon
Neuroglia wrap around neurons
Astrocytes: control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow
Microglial cells: They remove damaged neurons and infections and are important.
Ependymal cells: It is a type of glial cell.
PNS
Scwann cells: It myelinates the axons of the PNS.
Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system connects the internal organs to the brain by spinal nerves.
The somatic nervous system (SNS) deals with sensory input and voluntary motor (efferent) activities
The somatic nervous system transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the central nervous system.
the autonomic nervous system (ANS) deals only with efferent (motor) signals from the CNS to control activities in the body
The autonomic nervous system controls the function of our organs and glands, and can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
It allows the brain to control movements
The spine has 33 bones, called vertebrae, divided into five sections: the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine sections, and the sacrum and coccyx bones
Autonomic Functions : regulates digestion
The cervical section of the spine is made up of the top seven vertebrae in the spine, C1 to C7
Sensory Functions :monitors sensation of touch, pressure, temperature and pain.
It is connected to the base of the skull
Motor Functions : directs your body's voluntary muscle movements.
the spine is divided into four main regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral.
The two lower regions the sacrum and coccyx, are formed from f vertebrae.
Major parts and functions of the brain
the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem are the main parts
Cerebrum controls the speech and it is divided into two
The parietal lobe connects to the 5 senses which is smell touch hear etc.
The cerebellum controls motor functions
. The frontal lobe controls voluntary movement
The brainstem sends messages to the rest of your body to regulate balance
the occipital lobe is responsible for vision
The white matter is responsbile for communication between grey matter regions
the gray matter is where the processing is don
The medulla oblongata transmits signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities
Major functions of the nervous system:
Integration: information is proccessed through here
Motor output: causes muscle fibers contract
Sensory input: It invloves by our senses like smell, sight, touch, taste, and hearing.
The nervous ssytem is the most controlling.
In the PNS, sensory receptor neurons respond to physical stimuli in our environment
the nervous system is responsible for regulating and homeostatis
Voluntary control of movement.
Memory and learning
Stretching is also a part of it
It guides the activities we do every day