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Concept Map: 06 Nervous Viriahelyn Calvillo P:6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
    - - Processing and interpretation of sensory input
    - - activation of effector organs produces a response
  - - - Brain and spinal cord or dorsal body cavity
      - integration and control center: interprets sensory input and dictates motor output
    - - the portion of nervous system outside CNS
      - consists mainly of nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord
      - spinal nerves to and from spinal cord
      - cranial nerves to and from the brain
      - Two Functional divisions:
        
        Sensory division
        
        Convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles,and joints to CNS
        
        Visceral sensory fibers: convey impulses from visceral organs t CNS
        
        Motor Division
        
        transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs, like muscle and glands
        
        Somatic Nervous system (voluntary)
        
        somatic motor nerve fibers conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle
        
        concision control of skeletal muscle
        
        Autonomic Nervous system (involuntary)
        
        consists of visceral motor nerve fibers
        
        regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
        
        two functional sub divisions
        
        sympathetic
        
        parasympathetic
        
        they work opposite to each other
- - - - Convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles,and joints to CNS
      - Visceral sensory fibers: convey impulses from visceral organs t CNS
    - - transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs, like muscle and glands
        
        Somatic Nervous system (voluntary)
        
        somatic motor nerve fibers conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle
        
        concision control of skeletal muscle
        
        Autonomic Nervous system (involuntary)
        
        consists of visceral motor nerve fibers
        
        regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
        
        two functional sub divisions
        
        sympathetic
        
        they work opposite to each other
        
        parasympathetic
- - - - Astrocytes
        
        most abundant
        
        cling to neurons,synaptic endings, and capillaries
        
        support and brace neurons
        
        play role in exchanges between cap and neurons
      - Microglial Cells
        
        small,avoid cells that touch and monitor neurons
        
        migrate towards injured neurons
        
        transform to phagocyticed micro and neuronal debris
      - Ependymal Cells
        
        squamous.columnar
        
        may be ciliated
        
        line central cavities of brain and spinal column
        
        form permeable barrier between CSF and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells
      - Oligodendrocytes
        
        branched cells
        
        processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming myelin sheaths
    - - Satellite Cells
        
        surround neuron cell bodies
        
        functions like astrocytes
      - Schwann Cells
        
        surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form mylein sheath
        
        functions like oligodendrocytes
        
        vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers
- - - - Surface markings:
        
        Gyri:ridges
        
        Sulci: shallow grooves
        
        Five lobes
        
        Frontal
        
        Parietal
        
        Temporal
        
        Occiptal
        
        Insula
        
        Fissures: deep grooves
        
        Longitudinal Fissure: separates two hemispheres
        
        Transverse cerebral Fissure: separates cerebrum and cerebellum
        
        Cerebral Cortex, white matter, basal nuclei
  - - - includes cerebral and diencephalon structures, mediates emotional response, involved in memory processing
      - interacts with prefrontal lobes: allows us to react emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening, makes us consciously aware of emotional richness in our lives
        -also puts emotional responses to odors
  - - - extends through central core of brain stem and motor function of reticular function helps control coarse limb movements
- - - - cross section of cord resembles butterfly or letter "H" and there are three areas of gray matter are found on each side of center and are mirror images
        
        Dorsal Horns
        
        inter neurons that receive somatic motor neurons
        
        Ventral Horns
        
        some inter neurons; somatic motor neurons
        
        Lateral Horns
        
        sympathetic neurons (only in thoraic and superior lumbar regions)
        
        Gray commissure
        
        bridge of gray matter that connects masses of gray matter on either side
        -encloses central canal
        
        Ventral roots
        
        bundle of motor neuron that exit the spinal cord axons
        
        Dorsal Roots
        
        sensory input to cord
        
        Dorsal roots Ganglia
        
        cell bodies of sensory neurons
        
        Spinal Nerves
        
        formed by fusion of dorsal and ventral roots
        
        Gray matter divided into four group based on of somatic or visceral innervation
        
        Somatic Sensory (SS), visceral sensory (VS), visceral (autonomic) motor (VM), and somatic motor (SM)
- - - - sensory nerves of smell
      - fibers synapse in olfactory bulbs
      - pathway terminates in primary olfactory cortex
      - purely sensory function
    - - arise from retinas; really a brain tract
      - pass through optic canals, converge, and partially cross over optic chiasma
      - optic tracts continue to thalamus, where they synapse
      - optic radiation fib ers runto occipital cortex
      - purely sensory function
    - - fibers extend from ventral midbrain through superior orbital fissures to four of six extrinsic eye muscles
      - function in raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, and controlling lens shape
    - - fibers from dorsal midbrain enter orbits via superior orbital fissure to innervate superior oblique muscle
      - primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball
    - - largest cranial nerves; fibers extend from pons to face
      - Three divisions: ophthalmic passes through superior orbital fissure
      - Maxillary passes through foramen rotundum
      - mandibular passes through the foramen ovale
    - - -fibers from inferior pons enter orbits via superior orbital fissures
        -primarily a motor, innervating lateral rectus muscle
    - - fibers from pons travel through internal acoustic meatuses and emerge through stylomastoid foramina to lateral aspects of face
      - cheif motor nerves of face with five major branches
      - motor functions include facial expressions, parasympathetic impulses through lacrimal and salivary glands
      - sensory functions from anterior two thirds of tongue
    - - mostly sensory function; small motor component for adjustments of sensitivity of receptors
      - formerly auditory nerve
    - - fibers from medulla leave skull via jugular foramen and run to throat
      - motor functions: innervate part of tongue and pharnyx for swallowing and provide parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands
    - - only cranial nerves that extend beyond head and neck region
      - fibers from medulla exit skull via jugular foramen
      - most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regukate activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
    - - formed from ventral rootlets from C1 to C5 region of spinal cord
      - rootless pass into cranium via each foramen magnum
    - - fibers from medulla exit skull via hypoglossal canal
      - innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech
- - - - all ANS preganglionic axons
      - all parasympathetic postganglionic axons
  - - - almost all sympathetic postganglionic axons, except those at sweat glands
      - effects of neurotransmitter depends on whether it binds to cholinergic receptor or adrenergic receptor
- - - - increased heart;dry mouth;cold;sweaty skin' dilated pupils
- - - - Is a close of drug related to morphine, opiods cause pinpoint pupils and a rush of warmth/pleasure, followed by a period of cloudiness, can cause itching, nausea, and vommitiing
  - - - are chemicals that are taken only by inhaling, impairs coordination, speech, and judgment, may cause hallucinations, seizures, brain damage, or sudden death
  - - - it can cause an increase in energy and distortions in perception, and causes involuntary jaw clenching, muscle cramping, chills, and sweating, interferes with bodys temperature regulation, leading to overheating, dehydration, and kidney failure
  - - - is the active substance in tobacco plants, increases nerve activity and heart rate, can result in cancer, heart disease, stroke, etc.
  - - - a drug that causes hallucinations and distortions in perception
      - intensifies sensations and emotions, causes increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as dilated pupils
  - - - a depressant the party-goaes use for its relaxing effect, can cause hallucinations,nausea,slowed breathing , coma, or death GNHB, could cause loss of memory
  - - - a drug that causes hallucinations, distortions in perception, and feeling of detachment, PCP can cause fever, seizures , coma, or death, can cause severe muscle contraction
  - - - it mimics natural opiates, which shut down the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, it then turns off dopamine inhibition, allowing dopamine to flood the synapse