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Andy Rico P.6 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Andy Rico P.6 Nervous System
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system (include all subdivisions of CNS
and PNS)
The Nervouse system is divided into two major divisions
Central Nervous System
The CNS is made of the
Spinal Cord
Thoracic
Lumbar
Cervical
Sacral
Coccygeal
Brain
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebellum
Peripheral Nervous System
The PNS is made of all the nerves that are not cranial and connects the brain to all through the body . The PNS is further divided into
Sensory (Afferent) Division
The sensory division of the nervous system functions as an input of information to the brain, through sensation and recognition of stimuli it will be able to send signals to the brain to respond accordingly. There are many types of stimuli that are divided into 3 categories
Body Location
Interoceptors
They respond to stimuli coming from the inside of the body such as internal viscera and blood vessels.It is sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch and temperature changes. They can cause low levels of discomfort however a person will not be aware of its working
Proprioceptors
They respond to stretches in the skeletal muscles, tendones, joints, ligaments and connective tissue that covers the bone and muscles. They will inform the brain of the body's movements
Exteroceptors
They respond to stimuli found outside of the body. The receptors are found in the skin that allows it to perceive touch,pressure, pain and temperature.Also uses special sense organs
Structural Complexity
Perception: The interpretation of those stimuli
Sensation: The awareness of changes in the internal or external environment
Type of stimuli
Photoreceptors
This stimuli is caused by light energy
Chemoreceptors
This stimuli is caused due to chemicals such as the ones that enter when smelling, eating, or general change in blood chemistry
Thermoreceptors
This stimuli is caused by changes in the temperature
Nociceptors
This stimuli is caused by sensitivity to pain such as extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure or inflammatory chemicals
Mechanoreceptors
This stimuli is caused by touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
Motor (Efferent) Division
The motor division also have subdivision based on what type of motor activity (movement) the body is doing
Automatic nervous system (ANS)
The autonomic nervous system is made out of motor neurons that control involuntary movement in the body. Examples such as moving to innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. This nervous system keeps homeostasis and the body in balance, the organism has no control over this nervous system. There are further subdivisions for ANS
Parasympathetic division
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Sympathetic division
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Somatic Nervous system
The Somatic Nervous system is also made out of motor or efferent neurons in order to produce voluntary movement. The somatic nervous system will stimulate skeletal muscle as it will be control by the organism itself
Major functions of the nervous system
The Nervous system has 3 main functions in the human body
Integration
It processes the information receives and interprets it to create a reasonable response to the newly presented information. It will decide how to act to the type of response in order to send a signal to the motor output to correctly respond to the stimuli
Motor output
It activates the effector organs (muscles or glands) in order to response to the new change in the environment, the motor output will send the signal to the organs in order to respond and carry ut the integration signal
Sensory input
It gathers information about the external and internal changes through the usage of receptors. This is according to the type of stimuli that is presented to the body, there are multiple types that will send there won type of impulse to the brain to be part of the process of integration
Tissues (structure & function of neurons and neuroglia)
Neurons
Function: They are excitable cells that transmit electrical signals. They will receive sensory input from external and internal factors and will send impulses to the muscles
Structure: The 3 type of neurons will have different structure overall but they have these part to them
Dendrites
They are the receptive portion of a neuron. They received messages as gradient potentials
Axon
It is a tail like structure connect to the cell body. Its function. There function is to carry nerve impulses away from the body cell
Axon terminals
The axon terminals are specialized to release neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
Schwann cells
The structure of the Schwann cells is that of a rolled up sheet of paper. The function of the Schwann cells is to maintain and regenerate the motor and sensory neurons in the Peripheral Nervous system.
Myelinated sheath
The structure of the Myelinated sheath is a fat that serves as an insulating layer, that insulates the axon. The function of the Myelinated sheath is to transmit electrical impulses efficient and quickly along the axon.
Nucleus
The nucles is found in the cell body and function as the holder of teh code to create more neurons
Cell Body
The cell body is the spherical part of neuron. The function of the cell body is to carry genetic information, maintain the neurons structure and provides energy to drive activities.
Neuralgia 11A
They are small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons. They are different types of neuroglial cells depending on the Nervous system they are found in:
Neuroglia in the PNS
Schwann cells
They surround all peripheral nerves fibers that form myelin sheath in the thicker nerves fibers. They are vital to regenerate damaged peripheral nerves
Satellite cells
They surround neuron cells bodies in the PNS, they function similar to the astrocytes in the CNS
Neuroglia in the CNS
Microglial cells
They are small ovoid cells that can touch and monitor neurons, they can migrate towards the injured neurons and they can transform to phagocytizes microorganisms and neuronal debris
Ependymal cells
There are multiple shape for the type of cell, they can be from squamous to columnar. They may consist cilia in order to circulate the CSF. They line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord. There main function is also to form a permeable barrier between the CSF and tissue fluid bathing CNS
Astrocytes
They are the most abundant and they highly branched. These astrocytes cling to neurons, synaptic endings and capillaries. There function include: They support neurons, they guide migration of young neurons, they control chemical environments around the neurons, they respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitter, they influence neuronal functioning and participate in the information processing in the brain
Oligodendrocytes
They are branched cells, that process or wrap CNS nerve fibers that form insulating myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
Classification of neurons
Functional Classification of Neurons
The classification of a neuron depended on functionality is dependent on the direction in which nerve impulses travels relative to CNS
Motor Neurons
It carries the impulse from the CNS to the effectors, they are multipolar and most of the bodies are located in the CNS
Interneurons neurons
Also called association neurons, it is found in between the motor and sensory neurons. Its signals are sent through the CNS pathways. 99% of the neurons in the body are interneurons
Sensory Neurons
It transmits the impulse towards the CNS, almost all sensory neurons are unipolar and its cell bodies are located in the ganglia of the PNS
Structural classification of neurons
There are 3 structural neurons that are classified due to the amount they process
Bipolar
It has 2 processes (1 Axon and one dendrites) these type of neurons are rare
Unipolar
It has one T like process (two axons). They are also referred as pseudounipolar
Multipolar
It has 3 or more processes (1 axon and other dendrites). This is the most common and major neuron type in the CNS
Connective Tissue Coverings 13 A
The nerves are a vital part of the nervous system, because so they musty be protected by what are known as the connective tissue coverings. There are 3 type of connective tissue covering all based on there location.
Perineurium
It coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into ¨fascicles¨
Epineurium
It is a tough fibrous sheath around all fascicles to form the nerve
Endoneurium
It is loose connective that surrounds axons and their myelin sheath ( also known as the Schwann cells)
Major parts and functions of the brain
The brain is one of the major structures of the nervous system, to perform al the complicated task that is necessary in order to ensure our survival, the brain is divided into 4 parts
Diencephalon
The diencephalon consist of 3 paired gray-matter structures
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, its function is to regulate homeostasis
Epithalamus
Its function is to secrete melatonin that helps regulate sleep-wake cycle
Thalamus
The thalamus function is to act as a relay station for information that comes into the cortex
Ventricles
These parts are enclosed by ventricles and fulled by the CSF and Blood vessels
3rd Ventricle
Found above the thalamus
4th Ventricle
Found near the arbor de vitae
Lateral Ventricle
Found above the Corpus callosum
Brain stem
Pons
The Pons is located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. The 4th ventricle separates pons from the cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
In the medulla oblongata you can find the continuation of the central canal. The function is control functional groups such as cardiovascular center, respiratory center and the various other centers.
Midbrain
It is located between the diencephalon and pons. There function is to serve in motor movement, particular movement of the eye, and auditory processing
Cerebral Hemisphere
The cerebral hemisphere makes up 83% of the brain mass, within its mass there are surfaces marking that help to divide and distinguish certain parts of the brain
Sulci
The suci are shallow groves that will surround the gyri. These sulcus help to divide the brain into lobes.
The major sucli are the Central sulcus which divides the frontal and parietal lobe, the lateral sulcus which divides the temporal lobe and the parietal and the parietal-occipital lobe that divides the
The 4 Lobes are:
Parietal Lobe
Parietal Lobe controls touch
Temporal Lobe
Temporal lobe process auditory information
The temporal lobe also has an are known as the wernicke's are that function for speech comprehension
Frontal Lobe
Frontal lobe process motor activities
The frontal lobe also have an area known as the Broca's are which function is to create speech
Occipital Lobe
The occipital lobe process visual information
Fissures
The fissure are deeper groves than the sulci that also to divide the cerebrum.
Transverse Fissure
It divides the cerebrum form the cerebellum creating a clear division among both of the structures
Longitudinal Fissure
It divides the cerebrum into the left and right hemisphere as the fissure passes through the brain sagittal
Gyri
The gyri are the ridges presented in the cerebral hemisphere and its function is to increase the surface area
Each of the brains hemisphere will contain these three regions
White Matter
The white matter is located within the brain. Its function is to create communication between cerebral areas and between the cortex and the CNS. The structure of teh white matter is of myelinated fibers bundled together.
Basal Nuclei
The Basal nuclei are found deep in the white matter. The Function of the basal nuclei is to influence muscle movements, play a role in the cognition of emotions, regulate the intensity of movements, filter out incorrect or inappropriate responses and inhibits antagonistic movements
Cerebral cortex
The surface of the brain that is made out of grey matter. There are three functional areas that are part of the cerebral cortex
Sensory areas
It is the conscious awareness of the sensation we feel around us and within us
Association areas
The are of the brain that takes the stimuli received from the sensory areas and will produce a signal to be sent back to the motor areas
Motor areas
They control the voluntary movement of the human body
meninges
The meninges are 3 layers that protect the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid
The middle layer of the meninges which resembles a web-like structure filled with fluid to cushion the brain
Pia mater
The deepest and most delicates inner layer of the meninges
Dura matter
The tough outer most layer that protects the brain
Cerebellum
The cerebellum represents 11% of the brain's mass, it is located dorsal to the pons and medulla. The cortex also contains gray and white matter that resembles a tree and is called arborvitae. The function of the cerebellum is to create balance and coordination as well as role of thinking and language and emotion.
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
The spinal cord is divided into sections, these sections are the cervical , thoracic, lumbar and sacral. However the structure of the spinal cord itself is more in depth
Ventral (anterior) median fissure
Dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
Central Canal that runs along the spine filled with CSF
Gray matter and spinal roots
The cross section of the spinal cord resembles the shape of a butterfly. These gray matter areas are found on each side of the center and mirror images
Ventral Horns
These interneurons have somatic motor neurons
Lateral horns
Only found in thoracic and superior lumbar region, they have sympathetic neurons
Dorsal Horns
It contains interneurons that will receive somatic and visceral sensory input
Gray matter is divided into 4 groups based on their somatic or visceral innervation
Visceral sensory
Visceral autonomic sensory
Somatic sensory
Somatic motor
Gray commissure: It is a bridge of gray matter that connects the gray matter in either side
Ventral roots
A bundle of motor neuron axons that exit the spinal cord
Dorsal roots
The sensory input to cord
Spinal nerves
They are formed by the diffusion of dorsal and ventral roots
Dorsal root (spinal) ganglia
The cell bodies of sensory neurons
White matter
Myelinated and unmyelinated fibers allow for communication between part of the spinal cords and spinal cord and brains
Laterlal
Ventral
Dorsal
Function of the spinal cord
The spinal cord main function is to send the impulses such as motor functions, sensory functions and autonomic functions of the brain to the organs, visceral or not to create the reaction wanted and will send according to changing environment.
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
Nerve impulses
A signal that is transmitted along the nerve fiber. It consist of a wave of electrical depolarization that can reverse the potential difference across the nerve cell membrane.
Action Potential
Action Potential is the primary way in which neurons send signals, this is done through long distance neural communication. This only occurs in muscles and the axon of the neurons. The action potential does not decay over the distance. The creation of the Action potential is done through 4 steps
2 Depolarization
It opens the voltage gate NA+ channels and NA+ rushes into the cell. The movement of the Na+ causes depolarization which opens even more Na+ channels, this causes a large action potential spike
3 Repolarization
Na+ channels are inactivating which K+ channels open, the membrane permeability to Na+ declines and the AP spike stop rising
1 Resting state
The NA+ and K+ channels are closed. This maintains the resting membrane potential
4 Hyperpolarization
Some of the K+ channels will remain open and Na+ channels reset, this causes the membrane to experience hyperpolarization which means slight dip below resting voltage.
Cranial nerves
There are 12 pairs of Cranial nerves in the brain, most of them serve as mixed nerves however there are 2 nerves that are purely sensory
VI Abducens nerves (Motor)
This nerves serves as the motor nerve for the innervating lateral rectus muscle
VII Facial nerves (Mixed)
This nerve is a mixed nerve, its sensory portion serves as to sense taste and its motor function serves to create facial expressions
V Trigeminal nerves (Mixed)
This is a mixed nerve that serves as a sensory for various areas of the face and produced motor movement of mastication (chewing)
VIII Vestibulocochlear nerves (Sensory)
This nerve is sensory and it senses equilibrium
IV Trochlear nerves (Motor)
This is the primary motor nerve that directs the eyeballs
IX Glossopharyngeal nerves (Mixed)
The sensory portion of this nerve causes the sensing of the taste, the motor function is to move the tongue and produce swallowing
III Oculomotor nerves (Motor)
This nerve is motor, it produces movement in the eyeballs, the raising of the eye lids, constricting the iris and controlling the lense shape
X Vagus nerves (Motor)
This motor nerve carries out the function of controlling the visceral organs
II Optic nerves ( Sensory)
This nerve is also purely sensory that senses vision, it passes through the optic channels and passes over the optic charisma
XI Accessory nerves (Motor)
This motor nerve helps with the motor movement of the neck muscle
I Olfactory nerves (Sensory)
This nerve is purely sensory and serves as to sense smell
XII Hypoglossal nerves (Motor)
This motor nerve helps with the motor movement of swallowing
Spinal nerves 13B
The spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. All the spinal nerves are named for the point of issue in the spinal cord. The spinal nerves are:
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1–S5)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1–T12)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1–L5)
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1–C8)
1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves (C0)
The way in which these spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord is via roots
Ventral Roots
The ventral roots contains motor fibers from the ventral horn motor that activates skeletal muscles
Dorsal Roots
Contains sensory fibers from the sensory neurons in dorsal root that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
Neurotransmitters 14 11B
A neurotransmitter are the body's chemical messengers also referred to as the "language of the nervous system". These neurotransmitters are released at different stimulation frequencies. The neurotransmitter are classified in two categories.
Function
A neurotransmitter can have two main functions
Actions: direct versus indirect
Indirect action
The neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messenger
Direct action
The neurotransmitter will bind directly to an open ion channel
Effects; excitatory versus inhibitory
They are neurotransmitters which effects can be excitatory (depolarization) and/ or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing)
Chemical Structure
Biogenic amines
They are widely used in the brain to play the role of emotional behavior and biological clock.and are used by ANS motor neurons. There are two types of Biogenic amines
Indolamines
Histamine
made from the amino acid histidine
Serotonin
made from the amino acid tryptophan
Catecholamines
They are made of the same amino acid
tyrosine
norepinephrine (NE)
epinephrine:
Dopamine
Amino acids
Because amino acids make up all protein, so it is hard to prove which one are neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACh)
It is released at the neuromuscular junction, it is used by manny ANS neurons and some CNS neurons. It degrades by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Peptides (neuropeptides)
It is a string of amino acids that have diverse functions. There are examples such as:
Endorphins, they act as natural opiates that reduce pain perception
dynorphin
enkephalins
Beta endorphin
Purines
They are monomers of nucleic acid that have an effect in both CNS and PNS
Gases and lipids
Endocannabinoids
They act as the same receptors as THC
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nerve system is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic nervous system function is to control the involuntary motor movement in the body. There are 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. There is the Parasympathetic division and the Sympathetic division. These two nervous system have similarities as well as differences.
Similarities
The similarities are that they are both subdivisions of the autonomic nerves system, they both have the action of motor activities.. They both also have most nerve fibers from both divisions that innervate the same effectors
Differences: The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the body from over working and restores the body back to homeostasis. While the sympathetic division is the ¨fight or flight: which keeps the body out of danger
Reflex arc (major parts & functions) 13B
There are two types of reflexes that occur in the body that is depended on the situation that causes the reflex in the first part
Learned reflex
They are reflexes done due to constant practice and repetition of the particular movement., an example is driving
Inborn Reflex
These are instinctive reflexes, reflexes we are born with and are completely involuntary motor response to stimul. Examples are maintaining posture or control of visceral activities. These reflexes however can be modified through learning conscious effort i
The component of the reflex arc are:
3 Integration center:
The impulse will either enter the monosynaptic or polysynaptic region of the CNS were the impulse will be processed to determine the best action according to the stimuli
4 Motor neuron
The motor neurons will receive an impulse from the integration center and will send this impulse to the effector organs
2 Sensory Neurons
These sensory impulses or afferent impulses will be send into the CNS
5 Effector
The muscle fibers or glands will produce the movement according to the impulse coming form the integration center, this will cause these muscles or glands to contract or secrete
1 Receptor
The site in which the body will recive the stimuli
Reflexes arcs also classified depending on there functionality
Somatic reflexes
The somatic reflexes activate the skeletal muscles ( voluntary movement)
Autonomic reflexes
The autonomic reflex, activates visceral effectors such as smooth or cardiac muscle that we can not control
Disorders associated with Nervous System
Paralysis
This occures due to damage to the primary motor cortex , the paralysis will occur n the opposite side of the body that was damaged in the brain
Functional blindness
This occurs when the primary visual cortex
Epileptic seizure
It occurs due to electrical discharges by the group of neurons. These victims might loose consciousness fall stiffly and have uncontrollable jerking. Epileptic seizures are not associated with intellectual impairments
Meningitis
The inflammation of the meninges, they might spread to CNS which will lead to the inflammation of the brain that is referred to as encephalitis. Meningitis is usually diagnosed by observing microbes in a sample of CSF
Hydrocephalus
The obstruction that blocks CSF circulation or drainage resulting in increases pressure. It is treated by draining CSF with ventricle shunt to abdominal cavity
Brain Injuries
Subdural
Pressure from blood may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death
Cerebral edema
Swellig of the brain associated with traumatic head injury
Conclusion
Permanent damage
Concussion
Temporary alteration in function
Cerebrovascular Accidents (stroke)
Hemiplegia
It causes paralysis in one side and may cause sensory or speech deficits
Transient ischemic attacks
Temporary episode of reversible cerebral ischemia
Ischemia
When the tissue is deprived of blood supply leading to death of brain tissue. Can be caused by blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot
Alzheimer’s disease
It is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that slowly results in dementia. This will cause memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual languages loss, confusions, this will occur as brain cells die
Parkinson’s disease
The degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons of substantia nigra. This sart to create tremors
Huntington’s disease
It is a hereditary disease that causes by accumulation of the huntingtinb protein in the brain cells.They lead to the degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
Cerebral palsy
The neuromuscular disability involving poorly controlled or paralyzed voluntary movement
Anencephaly
Occurs when the cerebrum and parts of brain stem never developed because neural fold fails to fuse
Spina bifida
This is caused by the incomplete formation of vertebral arches typically involves lumbosacral region
Drugs (Drugs of Abuse & Mouse Party)
Drug Use Changes the Brain over time
Methamphetamine
How does it affect the neurotransmitter and/ or receptor? Methamphetamine mimics dopamine which allows it to enter the cell through dopamine transporters, it keeps the dopamine neurotransmitter out of the cell and within the synaptic
How does it affect a person mood, actions? The person will feel intense pleasure and exhilaration
What neurotransmitter does this drug interfere with? Methamphetamine interferes with dopamine
Alcohol
How does it affect the neurotransmitter and/ or receptor? The alcohol will interfere with the GABA receptors and makes them and will also inhibit the glutamate receptor prohibiting glutamic from binding
How does it affect a person mood, actions? The person will have trouble with memory formation, and decisive impulse control
What neurotransmitter does this drug interfere with? Alcohol interferes with an inhibitor called GABA
Marijuana
How does it affect the neurotransmitter and/ or receptor? Marijuana mimics anadomine, and binds to cannabinoid receptor which turns off the release of inhibitors and dopamine floods the synapse
How does it affect a person mood, actions? It makes people feel relaxed and calmed but will also have trouble with short term memory
What neurotransmitter does this drug interfere with? Marijuana interferes with dopamine
Cocaine
How does it affect the neurotransmitter and/ or receptor? The cocaine blocks the dopamine transporters which leaved teh dopamine stuck in the synaptic and causes it to bind again and again with the dopamine receptors
Howe does it affect a person mood, actions?
What neurotransmitter does this drug interfere with? Cocaine will interfere with dopamine
Ecstasy
How does it affect the neurotransmitter and/ or receptor? Ecstasy mimics serotonin and is taken into the cell by the serotonin transporters. This alters the transportation and will make the cell releases more serotonin
How does it affect a person mood, actions? Ecstasy affects the serotonin pathway which control mood, sleep and appetite.
What neurotransmitter does this drug interfere with? Ecstasy interferes with serotonin
LSD
How does it affect the neurotransmitter and/ or receptor? The LSD is chemical similar to serotonin so LSD starts to bind with serotonin receptors to mimic its effects however some LSD inhibit the serotonin receptors
Howe does it affect a person mood, actions?
What neurotransmitter does this drug interfere with? It interferes with serotonin
Heroin
How does it affect the neurotransmitter and/ or receptor? Heroine will mimic the native opium and bind to the opiate receptors which shuts down inhibitors and allows for dopamine to flow in the synapse
How does it affect a person mood, actions? It makes people feel sedated it can also inhibit pain
What neurotransmitter does this drug interfere with? Heroine interferes with the neurotransmitter dopamine
Drugs of Abuse
Nicotine
Type of Drug: Inhalant, stimulant and depressant
How does it affect the body? New users might have a high heart rate,regular uses will have calming effects, can cause cancer
How it is taken: Smoking, inhaling, chewing or dipping
Names they are known by : Cigarettes, E-Cigarettes, cigars, snuff, pipes
Drug: Psychedelics
How does it affect the body? Distortion in perception, intensify emotions, increase body temperature, increase blood pressure, paranoia
Type of Drug: Hallucinogen and stimulant
How it is taken: Swallowing, snorting, injections, smoking
Names they are known by : Psilocybin mushrooms, LSD
Drug: MDMA
How it is taken: Swallowing or snorting
Type of Drug: Stimulant and hallucinogen
Names they are known by : Ecstasy
How does it affect the body? It increases energy and distorts reality, chills, panic attacks and seizures, feelings of euphoria and connection to others, involuntary jaw clenching.
Drug: GHB & Rohypnol
Type of Drug: Depressant
How does it affect the body? Slow down the heart rate, causes amnesia, black outs
How it is taken: Pills or through drink and food
Names they are known by : Mexican Vanilla and Roffis
Drug: Inhalants
How it is taken: Inhaling
Type of Drug: Inhalant and depressant
Names they are known by : Solvents, Aerosol sprays, gases
How does it affect the body? Causes: Impair coordination, clouded judgment, causes hallucinations, brain damage seizures and can cause death
Drug: Dissociative Drug
How it is taken: Swallowing, snorting, injecting, smoking
Type of Drug: Hallucinogen
Names they are known by : Ketamine PCP
How does it affect the body? Causes people to loose touch with reality, unpredictable or violent behavior, fevers, seizures,comma, death and a felling of "near death"
Drug: Opioids
How it is taken: Pills, patches, snorting or injections
Type of Drug: Opioid Stimulant
Names they are known by : Heroin
How does it affect the body? It will cause pinpoint pupils, rush of warmth and pleasure, drauzines and clouded thinking, itching and nausea