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Adriana Mireles - Concept Map: 06 Nervous System Period: 6 - Coggle Diagram
Adriana Mireles - Concept Map: 06 Nervous System Period: 6
Connective Tissue Coverings
PERINEURIUM
Is the covering around fascicles (bundles) of nerve fibers.
ENDONERIUM
The covering around individual nerve fibers.
EPINEURIUM
Is the outer layer of a nerve.
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is different to the somatic nervous system because the somatic has sensory and motor pathways while autonomic nervous system has motor pathways. A similiarity they both have is that bith of these nervous sytems have motor pathways.
Cranial nerves
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves arise from the underside of the brain. The
12 pairs
are designated by
number/name
and the numbers are in order from
superior
to
inferior
.
Nerve:
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Type:
Sensory
into 2 branches
Vestibular branch
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of equilibrium.
Cochlear branch
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of hearing.
Nerve:
VI Abducens
Type:
Primarily motor
Function:
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes and some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles.
Nerve:
IV Trochlear
Type:
Primarily motor
Function:
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes and some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles.
Nerve:
VII Facial
Type:
Mixed
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with taste receptors of the anterior tongue. Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands
Nerve:
IX Glossopharyngeal
Type:
Mixed
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and carotid arteries. The motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the pharynx used in swallowing and to salivary glands.
Nerve:
V Trigeminal
Type:
Mixed
Into 3 Divitions
Ophthalmic division
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids.
Maxillary division
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of the palate, and skin of the face.
Mandibular division
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the skin of the jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip. The motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of mastication and to muscles in the floor of the mouth
Nerve:
I Olfactory
Type:
Sensory
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of smell.
Nerve:
III Oculomotor
Type:
Primarily motor
Function:
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that raise eyelids, move eyes, adjust the amount of light entering the eyes, and focus lenses. and some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles
Nerve:
II Optic
Type:
Sensory
Function:
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of vision.
Nerve: X Vagus
Type:
Mixed
Function:
Somatic motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles associated with speech and swallowing; autonomic motor fibers conduct impulses to the heart, smooth muscle, and glands in the thorax and abdomen. Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax
and abdomen
SUPERIOR
Nerve:
XI Accessory
Type:
Primarily motor
2 Branches
Cranial branch
Function:
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.
Spinal branch
Funcion:
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the neck and back.
Nerve:
XII Hypoglossal
Type:
Primarily motor
Function:
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the tongue.
INFERIOR
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
MAJOR PARTS
CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT
The thickened area near the top of spinal cord and provides nerves to upper limbs.
LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT
A thickened region near the bottom of the spnal cord and gives a rise to nerves that serve the lower limbs.
SPINAL CORD
Begin at the base of the brain.
CAUDA EQUINA (HORSE TAIL)
The structure that formed where the sipinl cord tapers to a point inferiorly and consits of spinal nerves in the lumbar and sacral areas.
FUNCTION
ASCENDING TRACTS
Carry sensory information to the brain.
DESENDING TRACTS
Carry motor information from the rain to muscle or glands.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Transmits impulses to and from the brain and to house spinal reflexes.
SPINAL REFLEXES
Controlled by reflex arcs that pass through the spinal cord.
Tissues (structure & function of neurons and neuroglia)
NEUROGLIA
FUNCTIONS
Fill spaces, structurally support, protect, and insulate neurons
STRUCTURE
There are 4 types of central nervous system (CNS) and 2 types of peripheral nervous system (PNS) where the cells supports neurons.
NEURONS
STRUCTURE
DENDRIES
Conducts impulses toward the cell body, they are short and branching and provide the receptive surface for communication with other neurons
AXON
Conducts impulses away from the cell body.
CELL BODY
Contains major organeles including nucleus.
AXON HILLOCK
Raises from a thickening and extending from a cell body.
1 axon in each neuron
NEURON
Has a cell body, tubular cytoplasm-filled dendrites, a tubular and cytoplasm-filled axons.
FUNCTION
Responsible to recieve sensory impulse and sending motor commands to the muscles .
Spinal nerves
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord. They are numbered in sequence: 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
Brachial Plexuses (C5 –T1)
They arise from lower cervical and upper thoracic
nerves; supply muscles and skin of arms, forearms, and hands which lead into the upper limbs; including the musculocutaneous ulnar, median, radial, and axillary nerves.
Lumbosacral Plexuses (L1-S4)
They arise from the lower spinal cord; supply
muscles and skin of the lower abdomen, external genitalia, buttocks, and legs; include the obturator, femoral, and sciatic nerves.
Cervical Plexuses (C1-C4)
They lie on either side of the neck; supply muscles and
skin of the neck; include the phrenic nerves, which control the diaphragm.
Major parts and functions of the brain
CEREBELLUM
FUNCTIONS
It integrates sensory information, coordinate skeletal muscle activity, maintain posture and ensures that movement occurs.
CEREBRUM
FUNCTIONS
It gives personality, intelligence, it integrates and stores information for memory; it initiate voluntary muscular movement and interpret sensory input
BRAINSTEM
It consits of three parts which are...
PONS
Has centers that help regulate the rate and depth of breathing.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Transmits all ascending and desending impulses between the brain and spinal cord
VASOMOTER CENTER
Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels that helps control the blood pressure.
RESPIRATORY CENTER
Controls the rate and depth of breathing.
CARDIAC CENTER
Alters heart rate.
MIDBRAIN
Contains main motor pathways between the cerecrum and lower portions of the nervous system.
DIENCEPHALON
Has two main parts which are...
THALAMUS
FUNCTIONS
Produces general awarness, channels all sensory impluses, sort and indirect sesory information.
HYPOTHALAMUS
FUNCTIONS
It regulates heart rate, arterial blood pressure, boody temperature, sleep, wakafulness, it controls movement, secretions, it stimulates and produces hormones.
Major functions of the nervous system
INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION
The coordination of sensory information is in the centeral nervous system (CNS), the process for this information is the basis for decision making.
SENSORY FUNCTIONS
Where the info travels from receptors to sensory neurons that transport into the central nervous system (CNS).
MOTOR FUNCTION
Where the nerve impluses (CNS) are conducted along motor neurons to effectors
Neurotransmitters
DEFINITION:
A chemical that accomplish communication
Neurotransmitter includes - Acetylcholine, Amino Acids, and Neuropeptides. All the actions of a neurotransmitter all depends on the types of receptors in a specific synapse. Some neurons produces one type of neurotransmitter ehile other produses two or three
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
THE NERVE IMPULSE
A nerve implue is a process of impluse conduction that is along an axon that is an action potential that is at the trigger zone that causes an eletrical current to flow to adjacent regions of the axons membrane.
ACTION POTENTIAL
DEFINITION:
Change charge to about +30mv
Action potential occurs when the charge reaches -55mV and an acion poential of a neuron are all of the same length.
Classification of Neurons
Structural Classification of Neurons
BIPOLAR NEURON
Has 2 processes extending from the cell body, a dendrite and an axon that are some times found in special places such as the eyes, nose, and ears.
MULTIPOLAR NEURON
Has many dendrites and one axon arising from their cell bodies and most neurons witht he cell bodies in the centeral nervous system (CNS) are multipolar.
UNIPOLAR NEURON
Has only 1 process extending from the cell body, outised the cell body it then splits into two parts that functions as 1 axon.
Fuctional Classification of Neurons
SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURONS
They conduct impulses from the peripheral receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) which is usually unipolar but, there are times where it´s bipolar.
INTERNEURONS (ASSOCIPITIONAL or INTERNUNCIAL) NEURONS
Multipolar neurons lying within the centeral nervous system that forms links between other neurons which where the cell bosies of some interneurons aggregate in specialized masses that are called nuclei.
MOTER (EFFERENT) NEURONS
Where multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the cental nervous system to peripheral effectors (muscle or glands).
Reflex arc (major parts & functions)
MAJOR PARTS
INTERNEURON
The central nervous system (CNS) reflex center.
MOTOR NEURONS
It carries a command to effectors.
SENSORY NEURON
It carries the information from a receptor toward the central nervous system (CNS).
EFFECTORS
A muscle or glands that carries out the reflex that responds to the initial changes.
SENSORY RECEPTORS
It detects changes.
FUNCTIONS
AUTOMATIC RESPONSES
Such as vomiting, sneezing, swallowing, and etc.
Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex: os another example of a simple reflex that has only 2 neurons, sensory, motor, and lacks an interneuron .
WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
Occurs in response to touching something painful such as; stechong on a tack or accidently put your hand on a hot stove. It involves; sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
REFLEX CONTROLS
Such as heart rate, blood pressure, and etc.
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system (include all subdivisions of CNS
and PNS)
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
Made up of brain and spinal cord
Responsible for desicion making and for integration of information
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
Made up of cranial and spinal nerves that connect central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
Contains sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions
Motor Functions
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary skeletal muscles.
Automtic Nervous System
Controls involuntary effectors (smooth, cardiac muscles and glands)
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROGLIA
SCHWANN CELLS
The myelin producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system (CNS)
SATELLITE CELLS
Provides protective coating around the cell bodies of neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NERUOGLIA
EPENDYMAL CELLS
It produces cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system (CNS)
ASTROCYTES
What lies between the blood vessels and neurons
OLIGODENDROCYTES
Forms the myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord
FUNCTIONS
Structural support
Blood Brain Barrier
It protects the brian tissue from chemical fluctuation and prevent entry to many substances
MICROGLIA
The small cells that functions as phagocytes for bacterial cells and cellular debris and produces scar tissue in sites of injury