Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Nervous-Alexis Gutierrez Per.2 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous-Alexis Gutierrez Per.2
Major Functions of the Nervous System
Integrative function
thinking
Motor function
movement
Sensory function
internal processes of physiology
Major Divisions & Subdivisions of the Nervous System(include all subdivision of CNS&PNS)
Central nervous system (CNS)
Responsible for integration of information and decision-making.
spinal cord & brain
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Somatic nervous system
controls voluntary skeletal muscles.
Autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary effectors (smooth and
cardiac muscles and glands).
Made up of cranial & spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
Tissues(structure&function of neurons & neuroglia)
Neurons(cells that communicate)
cell body, dendrites, axon(only 1 in each neuron)
myelin sheath(larger axons are enclosed by...)
nodes of ranvier(narrow gaps)
structural classification
multipolar
have many dendrites and one axon arising from
their cell bodies
bipolar
have 2 processes extending from the cell body
unipolar
only 1 process extending from the cell body
Neuroglia(cells that support)
Central nervous system(CNS)
Microglia(produce scar tissue)
Oligodendrocytes(form the myelin sheath)
Ependymal cells(produce cerebrospinal fluid)
Astrocytes(lie between blood vessels)
Peripheral nervous system(PNS)
Schwann cells(provide protective coating)
Satellite cells(myelin-producing neuroglia)
Classification of Neurons
Functional
Sensory (afferent) neurons-conduct impulses from peripheral
receptors to the CNS...unipolar
Interneurons (association or internuncial neurons)-multipolar neuron lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Structural
unipolar
only 1 process extending from the cell body
bipolar
have 2 processes extending from the cell body
multipolar
have many dendrites and one axon arising from
their cell bodies
Connective Tissue Coverings
Epineurium: outer covering of a nerve
Perineurium: covering around fascicles (bundles) of nerve fibers.
Endoneurium: covering around individual nerve fibers (axons).
Major Parts & Functions of the brain
Meninges
Dura mater
Outermost layer of meninges
Arachnoid mater
The middle layer of meninges
Pia mater
The innermost layer of the meninges
Cerebrum
largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and
sensory & motor functions, 2 cerebral hemispheres, GYRI(hills) SULCI(grooves FISSURES(deep grooves)
Frontal(problem solving), Paritetal(understanding speech), Temporal(Auditory area), Occipital(Visual area) Lobes
Diencephalon
processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic
processes
lies between the cerebral hemispheres and above the
midbrain.
Cerebellum
coordinates muscular activity
Brainstem
coordinates and regulates visceral activities, and connects
different parts of the nervous system
Mindbrain(Contains main motor pathways), Pons(help regulate the rate and depth of breathing), Medulla Oblongata(transmits all ascending and descending impulses)
Major Parts & Functions of the Spinal Cord(31 pairs)
8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
Plexuses
Cervical Plexuses (C1-C4)
ie on either side of the neck;
Brachial Plexuses (C5 –T1)
arise from lower cervical and upper thoracic
nerves
Lumbosacral Plexuses (L1-S4)
Lumbosacral Plexuses (L1-S4)
Action Potential & the Nerve Impulse
Nerve impulse
Continuous conduction
Occurs in unmyelinated axons.
Saltatory conduction
Occurs in myelinated axons, myelin sheath
Action potential
at rest until stimulatedor reaches -55mV
when potential reached; returning to resting by repolarization
end of repolarization, overshoot called hyperpolarization occurs, in which potential dips below -70 mV.
Cranial Nerves(12 pairs)
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
Spinal Nerves(31 pairs)
All except the first pair are mixed nerves.
8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic
nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers in a synapse, that
convey an electrical impulse from a neuron to another cell.
which is stored and released from synaptic vesicle.
bind to receptors
more than 100
acetylcholine, amino acids, neuropeptides
Compare & Contrast the Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic nervous system
which connects the CNS to skeletal muscles and
the skin, and oversees conscious activities
Autonomic nervous system
which connects the CNS to viscera, and
controls subconscious activities,
heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, body
temperature.
preganglionic neuron
postganglionic neuron
Reflex Arc(major parts & function)
Receptor
Senses specific type of internal or
external change
Sensory neuron
Carries information from receptor into brain or spinal cord
Interneuron
Carries information from sensory
neuron to motor neuron
Motor neuron
Carries instructions from brain or
spinal cord out to effector
Effector
stimulation by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action
Disorders Associated with Nervous System
Alzheimer's disease
Epilepsy
Parkinson's disease