Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Nervous by Jasmine Valdez per.2 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous by Jasmine Valdez per.2
major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
sympathetic divisions are active in conditions of stress or emergency basically fight or flight.
parasympathetic divisions are active under restful conditions
sypathetic division arise from neurons in gray matter in thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
terminal ganglia (subdivision) are close to or in visceral organs
postganglionic (subdivision) have long axons return to spinal nerves and then proceed to a visceral effector
Tissues (structure and function of neurons and neuroglia)
neurons contains a cell body tubular cytoplasm filled dendrites and a tubular cytoplasm filled axon
the cell body (soma) contains major organelles including nucleus
dendrites conduct impulses toward impulses toward the cell body provide receptive surface for communication with other neurons
axon conducts impulses away from the cell body crises from a thickening extending from the cell body called the axon hillock
myelin sheath is larger than an axon called myelinated fibers and nodes of ranvier are narrow gaps in the myelin sheath and increases conduction of speed of nerve impulses
multipolar neuron have many dendrites with one axon arising from their cell bodies most neurons are multipolar
Bipolar neurons have 2 processes extending from the cell body a dendrite and an axon found in eyes, nose, and ears
unipolar neurons have 1 process extending from the cell body outside the cell body and splits into 2 parts that function as 1 axon peripheral process has dendrites near peripheral body parts
sensory (afferent) neurons and it conducts impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS usually unipolar some are bipolar
Interneurons (association or internuncial neurons) are multipolar neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons
motor cefferent neurons are multipolar neurons that can conduct impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glands)
neuroglia have galia cells or nerve glue that support neurons
the neuroglia fill in spaces, structurally support, protect, and insulate neurons.
they do not generate or conduct nerve impulses
microglia produce scar tissue in sites of injury
oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cells produce cerebrospinal fluid in CNS
astrocytes between blood vessels and neurons
schwann cells are myelin producing neuroglia of the PNS
Satellite cells provide protective coating around cell bodies of neurons in the PNS
Classification of neuron
multipolar is a neuron with many dentrites and a single axon extending from the cell body
bipolar is a neuron with 2 extensions (one axon and one dendrite) they also transmit sense and are part of the sensory neurons
unipolar is when a neuron is in one process called a neurite that extends from a cell body.
Major functions of the nervous system
sensory which detects internal and external changes and helps information travel from receptors to sensory neurons wich transports information to CNS
integrative which coordinates the sensory information o the CNS and processes information and makes decisions
motor funtion has nerve impulses that are conducted along motor neurons of effectors and the effectors respond to decisions made in the CNS
Major parts and functions of the brain
interprets sensory input
initiate voluntary muscular movements
stores memory information
integrates information for reasoning
intelligence
personality
sensory areas
cutaneus senses: anterior parietal lobe
visual area: posterior occipital lobe
auditory area: posterior occipital lobe
taste area: base of central sulcus and insula
smell area: deep in temporal lobe
association area analyze the sensory input
thalamus
corpus callosum
precentral gyrus
central sulcus
postcentral gyrus
parietal lobe
fornix
parito-ocipital sulcus
occipital lobe
corpora queddrigemina
cerebral aqueduct
cerebellum
fourth ventricle
medulla oblongata
pons
pineal glands
mamillary body
hypothalamus
temporal lobe
third ventricle
frontal lobe
lateral ventricle
thalamus
spinal cord
spinal nerves
31 pairs arise from the spinal cord
all of them except for the first pair are mixed nerves
8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
they come from a sensory dorsal and a motor ventral root
the dorsal root ganglion houses the cell bodies of the sensory neurons that come into the spinal cord
spinal nerves form when a ventral and dorsal root unite which then extends out of the vertebral canal through the inter vertebral forearm
major parts and functions of the spinal cord
cervical plexuses lie on both sides of the neck
brachial plexuses arise from lower crevical and upper thoracic nerves
Lumbosacal plexuses arise from the lower spinal cord and provide muscles and skin of te lower abdomen external genitallia, buttocks and legs
Intercostal nerves are the anterior branches of the thoracic spinal nerves.
action potential and the nerve impulse
The chemically-gated Na+ channels have Na+ ions that cause the inside of neurons to become less negative
The threshold stimulus has was strong enough to cause Na+ ions to enter neuron potential is -55mv
The voltage-gated Na+ channels charge to about +30 mv this is called action potential
Depolarization that changes positive charge inside the neuron now inside and outside are positive
action potential either occurs or doesn't
It only occurs when charge reaches -55 mv
they are all the same strength
Repolarization is when a cell responpds by returning to resting potential (-70mv)
Hyperpolarization has potential dips below -70mv
The Na+/k+ pumps moves Na+ ions back out of cell and K+ back inside
a nerve impulse is a signal transmitted along a nerve and it reverses the potential differences across the nerve cell membranes
cranial nerves
12 pairs
I Olfactory
III optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VII Ventibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngel
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglassal
Connective tissue coverings
Epineurium is the outer covering of an nerve
The perineurium is the covering around fascicles (bundles) of nerve fibers
The endoneurium is the covering around individual nerve fibers (axons)
neurotransmitters
diffuse across the cleft and bind to receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
these are chemical messengers in synapse, convey electrical impulse from a neuron to another cell.
chemical messengers in synapse convey electrical impulse from a neuron to another cell
more than 100
include acetylcholine, amino acids, neuropeptides
action depends on type of receptors in a specific synapse
compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
They are similar because they both control and have something to do with nerves and how they function
Another way they are similar is because they both have cranial and spinal nerves
they are different because the somatic nervous system causes the contraction of muscle contraction
They are also different because the autonomic nervous system controls internal organs and glands
Reflex arc (major parts and functions)
The receptor senses the specific type of internal of external change
The sensory neuron carries information from receptor into the brain or spinal cord
The interneurons carry information from sensory neuron to motor neuron
The motor neuron carries the instructions from the brain or spinal cord out to the effector
The effector responds to stimulation (or inhibition) by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action
Disorders associated with nervous system
alzheimers is a disease that cuases severe memory loss causing people usually of old age to forget the people in their family and sometimes even who they are
bell's palsy is when the muscles on half of your face become weak and it can be a reaction to a viral infection but it rarely occurs more than once
cerebral palsy is a disorder od movement, muscle tone, or posture and it occurs when someone has abnormal brain develpoment before they are born
epilepsy is a disorder in the brain that causes nerve cell activity in the brain to be disturbed causing seizures and it may occur because of a genetic disorder or an brain injury
motor neuron disease is a disease that causes degeneration of the motor neurons and wasting of the muscles
multiple sclerosis is a disease that gets rid of the protective coverings of nerves and it causes damage in communication between the brain and the body
nerofibromatrosis is a condition that causes tumors to form in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and there are 3 types of it.
parkins disease is a disease that affects movement and usually produces tremors