Socialisation - the process of learning the usual ways of behaving in society

Primary Socialisation - early socialisation that normally takes place within the family

Secondary Socialisation - socialisation that takes place in social settings beyond the family, such as in a nursery, in friendship groups or in a wider range of institutions.

Imitation
-When we observe others behaving and copy the observed behaviour
-dressing, speaking in a particular way, we also notice what kind of a response they get.

Classroom Behaviour
-If a school child is disruptive in class, others are likely to observe whether or not this behaviour is reinforced, and this will influence their decision about whether or not to imitate this behaviour.
-Being naughty together, or being good and doing work.

Motivation to repeat
-We need motivation to perform imitating Behaviours. Motivation depends on a number of factors; how attractive or prestigious the model is, the consequences positive or negative reinforce
-Smoking to fit in with peers

Group Behaviour and Influence
-behaviour is very much influenced by the presence of others, however much we may believe ourselves to be truly individual in our beliefs and behaviours
-Riots,drunk behaviour,behaviour in lessons

Societal Influence
-young people, under the age of 25 are the easiest to influence through the media.
-Popular TV shows, song lyrics, models and film stars all play a part in influences what is the social norm in the culture group of Gateway students.

Cultural Influence
-Culture is often thought of as religion but it is simply about shared values,
-norms, language, customs and
practices of a group.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy -If you have positive role models of parents, siblings, cousins who have gone to university and have a respectable well-paid career, you are more likely to believe that you will get good grades
-If, however, your family expect you to get married and have children or Benefit Street unemployment is their expectation, then you are less likely to believe you will get good grades (deserve good grades) and therefore don’t try to aim high….

differences
-Both link development to nature, a predetermined physiological process,
-Both see development occurring through certain patterns of growth, which must occur before
learning can effectively contribute to development.
-Both identify developmental norms linked to development in a predetermined sequence
-Both de-emphasise individual differences in children

similarities
-Piaget notes that a child’s cognitive development can be influence by environment e.g. facilitated through toys, engagement, education. He believes in an interactionist process of development and learning which is facilitated and promoted by adults.
-Gesell’s maturation process is based on the idea that students naturally occurring development should be allowed to flower without adult intervention in a passive environment.
-Gesell identified developmental milestones in a wider range of areas than Piaget who focus only on cognitive development

Nurture - refers to external influences after conception, such as the environment you grow up in or social influences

Nature - refers to genetic inheritance and other biological factors

Maturation - a genetically programmed sequence of change, providing characteristics and differences not observed at birth, but which emerge later in life