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MACHINE TRANSLATION - Coggle Diagram
MACHINE TRANSLATION
1933-1956
1956-1966
1967-1976
1976-1989
2003
2014
The major problem for translation systems, whatever the particular strategy and
methodology, concerns the resolution of lexical and structural ambiguities, both within languages
The use of computers for translation was first proposed in 1947 by Warren Weaver
in correspondence with Norbert Wiener
MT systems are not suitable for use by professional translators, who do not like to have to correct the irritatingly ‘naive’ mistakes made by computer programs.
Although the ideal goal of MT systems may be to produce high-quality
translation without human intervention at any stage, in practice this is not
possible except in highly constrained situations
MT systems are not suitable for use by professional translators, who do not like to have to correct the irritatingly ‘naive’ mistakes made by
computer programs
At the end of the decade came the translator workstation, providing the
human translator with facilities that genuinely increased productivity
During the 1980s MT advanced rapidly on many fronts, many new operational systems appeared, the
commercial market for MT systems of all kinds expanded, and MT research diversified in many
directions
In 1970 the Institut Textile de France introduced TITUS, a
multilingual system for translating abstracts written in a controlled language and in 1972 came CULT
(Chinese University of Hong Kong) for translating mathematics texts from Chinese into English, a 'direct
translation' system requiring extensive pre- and post-editing
During the 1980s, the greatest commercial activity was in Japan, where most of the computer companies developed software for computer-aided translation, mainly for the Japanese-English and English-Japanese
market
At Montreal, research began in 1970 on a syntactic transfer system for English-French translation. The
TAUM project (Traduction Automatique de l'Université de Montréal) had two major achievements
The Q-system formalism, a computational metalanguage for manipulating linguistic strings and
trees and the foundation of the Prolog programming language widely used in natural language processing
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By the mid-1970s, however, the future of the interlingua approach seemed to be in doubt
Between 1960 and 1971
the group established by Bernard Vauquois at Grenoble University developed an interlingua system for translating Russian mathematics and physics texts into French
Research at MIT, started by Bar-Hillel in 1951, was directed by Victor Yngve from 1953 until its end in
1965
In the 1950s and 1960s research tended to polarize between empirical trial-and-error approaches, often
adopting statistical methods with immediate working systems as the goal, and theoretical approaches
involving fundamental linguistic research and aiming for long-term solutions
The Linguistic Research Center (LRC) at the University of Texas was founded by Winfried Lehmann in
1958 and, like MIT, concentrated on basic syntactic research of English and German
The first concrete proposals were made, in patents
issued independently in 1933 by George Artsrouni, a French-Armenian, and by a Russian, Petr SmirnovTroyanskii
Troyanskii was ahead of his time and was unknown outside Russia when, within a few years of their
invention, the possibility of using computers for translation was first discussed by Warren Weaver
It was at MIT in 1951 that
the first full-time researcher in MT was appointed, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel
Accordingly, at
Georgetown University Leon Dostert collaborated with IBM on a project which resulted in the first public
demonstration of an MT system in January 1954