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Chapters 10,11,12,14 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Adhesion/Cohesion
      - Surface tension
      - Universal Solvent
      - Acid/base
        
        pH = -log[H+]
        
        Self ionization: H2O <-> H+, OH-
  - - - Surface water: water runs off into lakes, rivers, and streams
      - Infiltration: soaked into ground, percolates and refills aquifers and groundwater
        
        Infiltration/runoff ratio:
        
        High ratio: water refills aquifers and is purified
        
        Low ratio: water moves towards ocean and is not useable
  - - - Industry: 20%
      - Human use: 10%
        
        United states: 1 person uses 100 gallons of water per day
        
        Low income nation: 1 person uses 1 gallon of water per day
      - Irrigation: 70%
  - - - Issues: overuse/under replenishment, loss of water (due to surface water), Pollution, saltwater intrusion, land subsidence
        
        Land subsidence: ground water is removed, so land sinks to fill in space
- - - - 3.) Parent material
        
        Geologic: rock/mineral
        
        Organic: derived from plants
      - 4.) Topography
        
        Relief effects water movement; soil erodes downhill
      - 2.) Biota
        
        Flora: plants
        
        Fauna: animals
      - 5.) Time
        
        Soils form over a long period of time, the parent material needs to breakdown and deposit
      - 1.) Climate
        
        Determines weathering, with 2 variables:
        
        Precipitation:
        
        Temperature:
      - Human activity
  - - - Soil particles:
        
        Silt: 0.002 - 0.05mm
        
        Clay: <0.002
        
        Sand: 1 - 0.1mm
    - - Roots:10%
      - Organisms:10%
      - Humus: 80%
        
        Humus importance: soil warming, soil structure, aeration, nutrients, energy, pH buffer, sequester contaminants
  - - - Arrangement of particles
        
        Peds: small groups of aggregates
    - - Munsell color chart to determine color
      - Dark soil: high in organic material
      - Grey: water table depth
      - Oxidized (orange/brown): Mg or Fe that's oxidized
      - Soil types:
        
        Histosols: Dark brown from high organic content, wet and found in wetlands, 20% SOM (organic mat), built up layer of peat
        
        Inceptisols: Grey waterlogged soil, natural color of soil without pigment, washed away
        
        Oxisols: Bright red from oxidized Fe, highly weathered, found in tropics
        
        Spodosols: Leached because of sandy texture, high acidity from pine needles, partially grey from leaching, partially brown from humus, and part orange form Al and Fe oxidized
  - - - E:
      - B:
      - A:
      - C:
      - R:
      - O:
  - - - Micronutrients: Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cl, Mo
      - Macronutrients: C, H, O, Ca, Mg, N, P, K, S
      - Nutrient loss: leeching, plant uptake, crop harvest
      - Nutrient addition: Nutrient rich parent material, organic material, inorganic fertilizer
- - - - Main components: modern machinery, infrastructure, chemicals, irrigation, expansive land, confined animal feeding operations (CAFO)
  - - - Disadvantages
        
        Possible allergic reactions, more resistant pests, safety, access in developing countries
      - Higher crop yield, more resistant crops, higher nutritional value
  - - - Undernourishment: lack of food for energy
      - Malnourishment: Lack of essential nutrients
      - Hunger: Lack of food to meet energy and nutrition needs
      - Over-nourishment: eating too much
- - - - Environmental cost: landscape alteration, climate change, air pollution, acid-mine drainage, byproducts
        
        Acid-mine drainage: pyrite oxidizes and drains out in acidic water
        
        Coal combustion byproducts: leftovers form coal combustion
        
        Bottom ash: conglomerate ash particles that gets recycled
        
        Boiler slag: molten bottom ash reacted with water gets recycled
        
        Flue gas desulfurization material: formed from SO2 scrubbers gets recycled
        
        Fly ash: powder that rises with flue gas, gets recycled, used in soil modifiers