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Respiration 5.2.2, alcoholic fermentation in plants & yeast, link…
Respiration 5.2.2
anaerobic respiration
O2 is the final electron accepter in aerobic respiration. Without it, NADH can no longer release its hydrogen at the ETC.
This creates a backlog of NADH & no NAD being regenerated. Without NAD, the Kreb cycle, link reaction & glycolysis can’t happen
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Without O2, the ETC & the Kreb cycle are unable to take place as the reduced NAD & FAD (NADH & FADH2) are not being recycled
O2 is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, no O2 break down of NADH & FADH2, therefore no Kreb, link or glycolysis
As a result, during anaerobic respiration, only glycolysis takes place
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During glycolysis, glucose is split into 2 molecules of ATP & H+, which reduced the carrier molecule NAD
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During aerobic respiration, this occurs when H+s are used for ATP generation during oxidative phosphorylation which takes place at the ETC
However, oxidative phosphorylation doesn’t occur in anaerobic respiration & so another use of H+ has to be found
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how much ATP is produced
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Via the ETC & chemiosmosis, each NADH can yield 2.5 ATP & each FADH2 1.5 ATP
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key terms:
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Decarboxylation
reactions in which CO2 is lost, enzymes are called decarboxylases
Phosphorylation
phosphate groups are added to a substrate, enzymes are phosphorylase, the source of the phosphate often ATP
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Reduction
H is added to a substrate, O2 is removed, electrons are gained
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net products after Glycolysis, Link reaction & Kreb's cycle
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respiratory substrates
Other substance as well as glucose can be respired - different respiratory substances released different amounts of energy
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respiratory quotients
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RQ gives as an indication of the respiratory substance being respired & whether respiration is aerobic or anaerobic
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step 1 - Glycolysis
key facts
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- Glucose is spilt into 2 molecules of Pyruvate (a 3 -carbon sugar)
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link reaction
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This is called the link reaction & results in the formation of 1 molecule of CO2 & the release of a pair of H atoms. The CO2 diffuses out the mitochondria & eventually out the cell to be excreted. The H atoms are picked up by a H arriving molecule called NAD to be used in a later stage.
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Chemiosmosis
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Involves the facilitated diffusion of protein from a region of high to low concentration through hydrophilic membrane channels which are linked to ATP synthase
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