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Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry
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Atomic Structure
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the shell closest to the nucleus can contain 2 electrons and then all the other shells can contain 8 electrons
each element contains a different amount of electrons, neutrons and protons
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Key processes
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Crystallization- evaporating the solution to get rid of the solvent and be left with the soluble solute in the form of crystals.
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Fractional distillation- separating mixtures of similar boiling points by boiling them at a temperature that will vaporize some of the mixtures. The mixtures are separated and put in order) in a big container based on their boiling points.
Discovery of the atom
John Dalton: 1766-1844. Suggested that atoms are solid spheres and that different spheres make up different elements.
JJ Thompson: 1897. Used the 'plum pudding model' to show that atoms must be a general ball of positive charge (the pudding) and must contain contain negatively charged particles- electrons (the plums).
Ernest Rutherford: 1909. Fired positively charged alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold to prove JJ Thompson's theory that particles are spread out. He proposed that if the gold particles were as spread out as Thompson said, then the alpha particles should pass right through as there wouldn't be any concentrated positive charge to repel them. However, they didn't so he proposed that the positively charged particles were stored in a nucleus, and the negatively charged particles exits in a cloud around the nucleus (nuclear model).
Niels Bohr: 1913. Suggested that electros orbit the nucleus in shells which stop the atom from collapsing.
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Isotopes
Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number and position in the periodic table.
An isotope is one of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behavior but with different atomic masses and physical properties.
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