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Excretion & homeostatic control (the kidney - 5.1.2 c, d, e, f) -…
Excretion & homeostatic control (the kidney - 5.1.2 c, d, e, f)
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ultrafiltration
Glomerular filtrate
The fluid entering the Bowman’s capsule resembles plasma, its glomerular filtrate
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Generally proteins don’t enter the bowman’s capsule BUT tiny proteins below 69,000 RMM do go into it (rare) +
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The removal also of molecules from the blood that have a relative molecular mass (RMM) of less than 69,000.
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loop of Henle
Terrestrial animals must conserve water, the loop of henle plays an important role in this.
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1) He descending limb is permeable to water. It Is slightly permeable to NaCl. The ascending limb is impermeable to water, but the top half actively pumps out NaCl. Water leaves the descending limb cause of osmosis. Water is taken always by the blood by the vasa recta.
2) water continues to leave the descending limb, NaCl concentration increases as we go down the descending limb
3) The 1st part of the ascending limb is permeable to NaCl, which starts to diffuse out & here we have a very high conc of NaCl & a very low water potential.
4) The collections duct looses water via osmosis cause it passes through the medulla, water will go back into the blood via the vasa recta.
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kidney failure & damage
problems
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Legs, face, abdomen swell
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Haemodialysis
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uses a vein cause
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- Near surface - easy to access
- Thinner walls (larger lumen) - easier to eat tube through
roller pump cause
- Aid in pumping blood through machine due to low pressure from vein
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bubble trap
- Prevent bubbles entering patient cause blood clots in small vessels (dangerous)
anticoagulant
- Prevent blood clotting inside machine
- Removed before entering body again to prevent haemorrhage
- Vitamin K to help it clot more again.
dialysis fluid
- contain correct concs of substances found in a normal persons blood.
- Any substance in excess in blood (e.g. urea) will diffuse across into the dialysing fluid
- Any substance in deficiency in blood will diffuse across into blood
- Dialysing fluid is refreshed to maintain a steep conc gradient & maintain a correct conc of substances
Need to have 3 times a week for several hours, can be done by a machine at home but patient is immobile
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Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneum is your abdominal membrane (peritoneal membrane) Used as the partially permeable membrane that separates your blood from your peritoneal space
Peritoneal space is filled with dialysing fluid,& your peritoneal membrane is the partially permeable membrane through which anything in excess leaves into the fluid & anything lacking is akin hourglass from the fluid into the blood.
Is performed on several occasions daily, but at home or work & the patient can walk around having the dialysis
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kidney transplant
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Old kidney left in place & new kidney is placed into lower abdomen & must be attached to blood supply & bladder
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disadvantages
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- Frequent check for rejection
- Need immunosuppressant drugs
Side effects - fluid retention, high blood pressure
More likely to get infections, etc
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anabolic steroid testing
They increase muscle mass, strength, decrease recovery time & limits
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Long term effects - liver damage, liver cancers
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