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le nerd stuff the 2nd, Case Study Pre-Release, DFD's - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Individual
      - Business
      - Education
      - Healthcare
      - Charities & Communities
        
        Global divide
    - - Developed & developing countries
        
        Developing countries may not have good access to the internet, and unstable governments.
        
        Developed countries may have good internet connection, and are able to exchange data much better.
      - Rural & Urban
        
        Urban locations are within cities and towns. These are typically populated areas. There tends to be a lot of network infrastructures here because of the amount of nodes in a populated area, so there is a good network connection.
        
        Rural locations are within the countryside. Because of the isolated area, there may not be very good internet connection and broadband speeds.
  - - - Advantages: Cheap per unit storage, high strorage capacity, fast access speed
        Disadvantages: Not robust, not portable or durable, disk thrashing
      - Used by Book_Shelve as a physical backup, could be used as their main storage medium due to its high storage capacity and cheapness.
    - - Advantages: Cheap, easily replacable, portable
        Disadvantages: Not robust, low capacity, fragile, can only be written to once.
      - Can be used by Book_Shelve as a storage medium for any videos or photos that are sent to them by the schools.
    - - Advantages: fast access speeds, robust, high capacity, some forms are very portable
        Disadvantages: Expensive, limited number of read-write cycles
      - Could be used by Book_Shelve as their main storage medium because of how fast they can access data and the high amount of capacity, however, it could be expensive to buy.
    - - Advantages: Easily portable if small
        Disadvantages: Slow access speeds, not portable if large, low durability, can be lost easily
      - Could be used by Book_Shelve as receipts for any couriers, or any quick notes for meetings.
  - - - Advantages: can be accessed by more than one person at a time, can allow people to work remotely, for example, for cloud servers, usually have high processing power if they need to be accessed by more than one person
      - Disadvantages: May be reliant on a network connection, expensive, requires specialist staff and technical expertise to set up and maintain.
    - - Advantages: Light, can easily be carried, freedom of movement, usually is battery-powered
      - Disadvantages: Due to small size, they have small processing power and small battery, can be lost, small memory capacity
    - - Advantages: Easily transported, runs on battery power so it doesn't need to be constantly plugged in, more processing power than handheld
      - Disadvantages: Low processing power and memory, reliant on battery power
    - - Advantages: Have high processing power, have large storage, can be upgraded, very versatile
      - Disadvantages: Reliant on power, not portable, more expensive
  - - - Fibre Optic
        
        Fast, expensive
        
        Transferred using pulses of light, doesn't suffer from interference and distortion, but can break easily because of glass
        
        High bandwidth
      - Copper cables
        
        Cheap, may be poorly insulated so suffers from interference and distortion
        
        Malleable and not likely to break, lower bandwidth
    - - WiFi
      - Bluetooth
        
        Short range communication, requires pairing, temporary, no hardware required for connection
      - Satellite
        
        Sends signals to satellites in atmosphere, which ping back down to the destinated device
        
        Slower communication method, but helpful if there is no other way of communication, or if network infrastructures and comms are damaged, such as in natural disasters.
      - Microwave
        
        Long range communication using microwave towers, towers must be in line of sight of each other, affected by bad weather
      - GSM
        
        Allows mobile phones to communicate in real-time for calls and text messages, classified as 4G or 5G, which is improved.
    - - Latency, bandwidth, contention, strength, range
  - - - A global collection of LANs
      - Provides open access to a public network
    - - Provides closed access to a private network
      - Inside of an organisation
      - Example: Logging into a school's network for test scores and reports
    - - Provides shared access to a private network
      - Inside and outside of an organisation
      - Example: Hotel booking company using an extranet to allow hotel owners to change their details.
    - - Speed, security, accessibility, access levels
  - - - Static = webpages do not change, and will always have the same appearance, no matter what user is on it or what time. Pre-built content.
        Cheaper, easier to create, and loads quicker.
      - Dynamic = webpages change constantly and have different appearances, including different advertisements, and look different for different users.
        Harder to code, loads slower but is more aesthetically pleasing and can be linked to databases for ads.
      - Conveys all sorts of information
    - - Used to share information with like-minded people (hobbies etc.) - informal. Can be used to inform people of updates from charities.
      - Includes images, links, videos, text etc.
      - Advantages: Information can be shared to audience easier with multimedia, can unite people with similar interests
      - Disadvantages: Takes time to make each post, can be difficult to build a community and customers
    - - An audio file which is about a topic that can be listened to
      - Advantages: Not recorded live, so they can be edited, can be listened to and relistened to when convenient, wide audience base
      - Disadvantages: may take time to record, can be difficult to have an audience
    - - Live audio and video that has a continuous connection
      - Advantages: doesn't require downloads, harder to share, piracy protection
      - Disadvantages: requires high bandwidth and a continuous network connection
    - - Can be used to provide organisations with lots of data on people - informal
      - Advantages: companies can interact with their audience better and gain better reputation, feedback, can share and like posts, customer communication, multimedia
      - Disadvantages: trolling, negative comments, requires someone to maintain account, reputation can be damaged if bad posts are made
    - - Provides large amounts of information instantly to multiple select people
      - Advantages: Fast and cheap, files can be attached, emails can be sent to multiple selected people, can be delivered at the user's convenience, user can unsubscribe at any time
      - Disadvantages: Internet needed, malware and viruses, files could be unreadable, file size limit, spam junk folders
    - - Stores online files in cloud storage like Dropbox, Google Docs, OneDrive etc.
      - Advantages: able to access files from anywhere, automatically backed up and saved, replaces portable devices
      - Disadvantages: reliant on internet connection, reliant on company hosting document store, data security, some companies charge a fee
    - - Rich Site Summary - used to provide quick updates to subscribers. A web feed
      - Advantages: allows users to catch-up, users can unsubscribe at any time, can be sent to multiple people
      - Disadvantages: possible spam, is rarely used, people may prefer other methods of communication
  - - - Advantages: Communication is easier, availability of data, collaboration and working abroad, speed of communication
      - Disadvantages: Identity theft, cyber bullying, expensive for connections, distractions at work, misinformation
    - - Advantages: low cost, sharing data globally is easy, internal communication, data transfer speeds, increased productivity
      - Disadvantages: Hacking and malware, cost of maintenance, risking reputation
- - - - Provides detailed summaries, can be changed, can be written in different languages
      - Can be time consuming to read and visually impaired cannot read, spelling errors
    - - A textual form of whatever is being said/shown on a screen
      - Helpful for hearing impaired people or when someone that doesn't speak the language wants to watch something
      - Auto-Generated subtitles may be incorrect and don't display any tone
    - - Can listen to when convenient, visually impaired can listen, some prefer to listen over reading
      - May not be suitable in noisy areas, words can be misheard, hearing impairments
    - - Multilingual, presents an idea immediately, more engaging
      - May take longer to load
    - - Can be used to show a process, can be understood by all ages and languages
      - Takes time to make
    - - Some data is easier to understand in numbers, can be exported into spreadsheets and presented as graphs
      - Can be entered incorrectly, formatted data may not be able to be entered because it doesn't allow spaces and other characters, and doesn't allow 0 to be entered first.
    - - Records can be locked so they cant be overwritten, can use queries to search for data
    - - Allows the visually impaired to see, braille printers printing documents with braille
      - Can only display certain information, not used by many
    - - Can present numerical data visually, summarise into one image, can identify trends
      - Can be misleading or display wrong information
    - - More engaging and easier to follow, audio can be added
      - May take a while to load, time to create, takes up storage space
  - - - Information that should not be released to the public as it could cause harm
    - - Information that can be released publicly without harm
    - - Information released to the public
    - - Information that relates to a person and shouldn't be made public
    - - Identifiable information about someone
    - - Information about a business, which could be public or private
    - - Information that is more restricted than sensitive
    - - Sensitive information stored by a government and is public
    - - Removes identifiable data so that the source cannot be traced, which allows information to be used in a wider context
        If information is anonymised too much, important information can be lost. If information is not anonymised enough, then the source can still be identifiable, and a company can lose their reputation
  - - - Biased
        
        Correct, but gives a one-sided view
      - Reliable
        
        Conclusions can be drawn from and is correct and consistent
      - Relevant
        
        Appropriate for its purpose
      - Accurate
        
        Carefully selected and correct and true
      - Valid
        
        Correct and up-to-date
    - - Good quality
        
        Better business decisions can be made on a project, responses can be accurate, saving and monitoring money
      - Bad quality
        
        Delays, poor decisions, inaccurate responses, fines, bias, loss of reputation
  - - - Management Information System = software used to keep records and reports of how well a company is doing. It can be used to collect and store data, so that business decisions can be made
      - Displays status, areas of improvement, geneates sales
      - Advantages: Shares and stores a very large amount of data so it can all be found easily in one place
        Can support a business' decision making process by providing advice and improvements
        Provides data analysis and trends
        Data is backed up
      - Disadvantages: Expensive
        Needs to be set up and maintained
        Reliant on correct data
        Requires training
    - - Collecting
        
        Surveys, forms etc.
      - Storing
        
        Data is stored securely with security measures. Sensitive data is encrypted
      - Retrieving
        
        When the data is needed, it can be retrieved using queries and searches
      - Manipulating
        
        Changing and altering values, such as when values need to be updated for a store with products bought, these values will need to be updated so that they reflect the amount of products left
      - Processing
        
        Data can be processed into a chart or graph
      - Analysis
        
        Conclusions can be drawn from the chart, for example stating that more products are bought in winter etc.
- - - - The information '5 books' on its own is lacking context so its raw data
    - - If you add context such as '5 books sold' you then have data that is much more usable and valuable
  - - - Communication
        
        Any sort of personal communication with a friend or group of friends such as setting up plans
      - Education and training
        
        Any and all data you access to do that learning as well as anything you send in upon completion
      - Planning
        
        Using shared data to plan things such as bus timetables or an online spreadsheet
      - Financial
        
        Using a bank statement to plan holiday savings or a spreadsheet of spending
      - Research
        
        Using any prewritten documents such as encyclopedias and research papers to back up something you're writing
      - Location Dependent
        
        Data which only matters if you're in the area such as shop locations
      - Entertainment
        
        Video on demand, newspapers and any other entertainment medium
    - - Contact management
        
        brings together all information to gain better insight: market information and sales information
        
        Managing contacts between a customer and organisation, e.g appointments
      - MIS- Management information systems.
        
        can provide important information that can help aide the management process of making decisions. So staff holidays could be stored on a personal record so that they aren't put on shift
      - Financial analysis & modelling
        
        Analysing trends, for example, finding how to improve an area with poor figures, or determining best-selling products
      - Knowledge management
        
        Managing information across an organisation
      - Marketing, promotion & sales
        
        sales figures can be used to increase sales in certain locations. Could be done via gathering info from customers (loyalty cards etc.) Can help target advertisement.
      - Decision making
        
        Using information to make decisions
      - Internal & external communication
        
        Communication from within and outside of an organisation, such as meetings to collegues being internal, and events that are happening publicly being external
      - Big data
        
        Any data that is too large to be stored, such as global or national populations
  - - - Find what textbooks are most popular/needed
    - - use past data to figure out what books were needed most last year and at what time they were ordered in for.
    - - Could have a spreadsheet/Database of past orders so its possible to ask for repeat donations
    - - filter data to only what data you are interested in.
    - - spreadsheets, graphs and Database reports showing data and thus enabling book_shelve to make predictions of what's going to be needed in what quantity.
    - - ascending/defending order of popularity of the books on the website.
    - - write reports, temp store delivery addresses
    - - marketing teams, donators TRANSPARENCY AS A COMPANY
  - - - Databases can be split into tables so they can be easier to manipulate and analyse
    - - Links to visualisation of data in allowing trends to be put into a visual format. Allows analysts to analyse numerical data
    - - making sure data is up to date. 'cleaning' the data is removing data that is no longer needed
    - - Geographic Information Systems are used to add geographical data, like tracking location of staff
    - - puts data into a more visual context, such as a bar graph showing books sold
  - - - A system which takes inputs and adapts, exchanges and interacts with its environment.
      - An example could be a database changing its inputs depending on results from a survey
      - An advantage of this system would be because of its adaptability, it can be easily changed to fit its purpose
      - Disadvantages would be that data can be lost more easily because of its interactivity, and hackers can access it easily
    - - A system which is closed off and does not interact with its environment and doesn't exchange data
      - An advantage would be that it is more secure so it cannot be hacked as easily
      - A disadvantage would be that access is limited, so not much can be done with this sort of system due to it not being able to adapt
- - - - Stage 1 -
        Unauthorised access to a system without intent
      - Stage 2 -
        Unauthorised access with intent
      - Stage 3 -
        Unauthorised access and modification with intent
      - This act is made to protect people against unauthorised gaining of data from any computer systems they may own
      - This relates to Book_Shelve as they are a charity which will make heavy use of computer systems for data storage and transferring and as such will make heavy use of this act to stop people from gathering data on the employees
    - - Data can only be processed within the rights of the data subject - eg cannot violate human rights
      - The amount of data should not be more than required- book_shelve should not retain information such as bank info of donators etc
      - Data should be processed fairly and lawfully- data (in uk) should not be sold to other companies
      - Data can only be used for the purpose of collection- this means that book_shelve wouldn't be able to ask for more donations from schools as they only took their data for that singular donation.
      - data can only be collected stated purposes
      - Personal data should be protected from theft- such as the password-ed account that book_shelve provides the schools, and the ability to change that password as long as it follows a secure guideline.
      - Personal data cannot be transferred outside of the EU- unless said country has similar data protection laws to the uk.
      - Personal data should be accurate- can apply for commissioners office to force changes should the holder refuse to do so
        
        Commissioners office can impose forced changes and hefty fines
    - - the public has the right to access the information about activities carried out by public authorities- charities are exempt.
    - - Gives public bodies the right to monitor data of individuals
      - Public bodies can demand that ISPs show data of individuals for criminal activity
      - Installing surveillance equipment for monitoring
      - Encrypted data can be accessed
    - - Copyright = the right of the creator to choose how the content should be used
      - People cannot redistribute, modify or copy any media that is copyrighted
      - Creators are within their legal rights to take people to court if they claim copyrighted content
      - People don't buy products, but the right to use them. The creator chooses these rights
      - Patent is protecting an idea or a new invention
      - It lasts for 10 - 20 years
    - - Safeguard civil liberties: and reduce the burden of government intrusion into the lives of individuals.
    - - Prevents organisations and public bodies from spamming individuals with emails.
      - It is illegal for organisations to contact individuals unless they have opted for that method. They must say how cookies are used on their websites.
      - Companies have to state who they are
    - - Under the Equality Act all of the old legislation covering rights of people in all circumstances have been combined leading to a much simpler law to look at
      - Everyone is covered by the act and as such all things such as gender, religion, sexuality and pregnancy should be considered when employing someone
      - This relates to Book_Shelve as they have to employ people and so have to make sure their is no discrimination in that process
  - - - Data can be freely transferred between EU states and "safe harbour" states
      - A "safe harbour" state is any country which the EU has deemed to have data regulation laws as strong or stronger than it's own GDPR
      - This procedure has been stopped as of July 2020 as it has been deemed inadequate for data protection
    - - Personal data should not be sent outside of the UK unless the country has sufficient data security.
      - GDPR was introduced to all EU countries to ensure that personal data is protected and can be sent between EU countries
    - - Disabled people should be able to access information systems- eg text to speech for blind. They also have the right to use digital means to express their opinion.
  - - - Green IT is the practice of using computers efficiently so to reduce the carbon footprint they produce
    - - Turning off computers after using them - reduces electricity bills
      - Printing less documents
      - Using cloud storage, as there is less physical storage and it can be reserved and reused
        
        Deleting emails that are not being used- this reduces the amount of storage space needed. Thus, the electricity needed to run email servers will be reduced.
      - Repairing and reusing old hardware
    - - oxygen is good, kinda need it to breath. Less waste = less ew in air
      - landfills are packed with repairable technology
      - Is more cost effective in the long run
      - Helps us reach net 0- See COP21
    - - Green IT is left out of nearly all global climate meetings as it is seen as non-impactful
      - It does have quite a large impact though, if more people used cloud storage and didn't leave computers on we'd lower global emissions significantly
      - Has roughly the same impact as global aviation
- - - - Internal
        
        Information from within an organisation (reports about finances etc.)
      - External
        
        Information that comes outside of an organisation (courier prices etc.)
    - - Primary Data
        
        Data collected by yourself. This tends to be more accurate to its purpose, however it is more time consuming
      - Secondary Data
        
        Data collected from elsewhere. This is easier and quicker to use, however it may not be accurate, may be bias, or may not suit the purpose
      - Quantitative
        
        A measurement - tends to be numbers
      - Qualitative
        
        Describing data - tends to be words
  - - - Much more generic - describes data flow in an organisation as a whole. It is simplistic
    - - Focuses on one area - describes data flow in much more detail
    - - Data can only flow in one direction
      - Data flow is labelled with the data not the action
      - Data flow connects to a process
      - Atleast an input or an output for external entities
- - - - Legal requirement under DPA
      - Physical protection: locked, waterproof and fireproof safe
        Electronic: firewalls, restricted/tiered access
        
        Rules on where data can be accessed- such as don't work in a public setting on a public network could be imposed.
    - - Data must be maintained and accurate (DPA)
      - Organisations should have a planned pattern of data maintenance.
        
        This could include periodic conformation surveys, charituy workers should also report absence of inportant information - such as phone numbers, addresses or incorrect delivery times/dates
    - - Information should always be available to those who need it
      - If data isn't easily accessible to those who need it, there is a risk that employees will create copies of data- a security risk
      - Links to the Freedom of information act - people are allowed to request to see the data stored about them from public bodies
  - - - Unauthorised/unintended access
        
        If the data is sensitive, a competitor could gain an advantage from seeing it.
        
        Infringement of DPA if personal data is stolen
        
        Fines could be given to both people
        
        Espionage
      - Accidental loss
        
        Human error can be at fault-eg throwing away important paperwork by mistake.
        
        Could breach DPA if personal information is lost and not corrected/ no attempt to correct said data is made
      - Intentional destruction of data
        
        Angry employee has equipped a hammer- press x to panic
        
        Intentionally downloading malware
        
        Could be physical or logical destruction
      - Intentional tampering with data
        
        Changing data so that it is no longer accurate
        
        Hacking to change data
    - - Loss of service and access
      - Failure in security of confidential information
      - Loss of information belonging to a third party
      - Loss of reputation
      - Threat to national security.
      - Loss of intellectual property
  - - - Staff will be the main people handling and manipulating data, as such they need proper training on how to handle sensitive information