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REGIONAL VARIETY - Coggle Diagram
REGIONAL VARIETY
Holmes
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subordinate groups must be polite: the powerful expect the powerless to be polite and conform to their expectations i.e. women are a subordinate group who must be polite to men
women's roles as guardians of social values: women raise children and so they need to pass on the norms and values and speak RP or standard English
vernacular forms express machismo: the working class masculine identity is formed by avoiding RP and SE as they are seen as 'posh' and 'snobby'. Also avoid them as they are seen as feminine
the social status explanation: women use standard english more in order to empower themselves and elevate themselves
Trudgill
Trudgill conducted his study in Norwich and focused on the different uses of regional variation between the class and gender
with the pronounciation of the ';ng' at the end of words like 'sing' and 'walking', the lower the social status of the person, the more likely they would replace it with 'n'. Also men were more likely to replace the 'ng' as well
there weas also the use of 'h' dropping which the lower classes did more than the upper classes. Only 6% of upper middle class participants dropped the 'h'
he also found that working class men under-reported their use of RP features, where working class women over-reported their use, suggesting that men avoid RP to keep their W/C masculinity whereas women aim for it to elevate their status
social stratification theory: british society has a hierarchy of social classes and there is a correlation between social class and the accent/dialect spoken
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Milroy
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generally women with low status were using more standard pronounciation than men possibly to raise their self-esteem
the social networks of the women determined their accents, their close-knit their community to raise their self-esteem
the ballymacarrett estate women had jobs off the estate and so had wider social networks and had more standard pronounciation
Kerswill and Williams
Kerswill and Williams conducted their research in Milon Keynes where a mixture of children originally from different places around the UK were attending primary school. Within the playgrounds new dialects were appearing as the variations combined
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Idiolect
your own personal language blueprint, who and where it's from
i.e. family, class, sexuality, gender, work, social groups
Cheshire
Cheshire conducted her study on gangs in Reading, looking at the labguage used by the gang members
she found that the gang leaders were more non-standard than those on the edges of the gang suggesting that there is cover prestiege in non-standard language. this also links the the social network theory
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Code-switching
the movement from one variety of english to another during group interaction. Particularly referring to speakers who speak both British regional dialects and varieties of English originating from other cultures (i.e. manglish and singlish). Sue Fox examined Multi Ethnic Youth Dialect used by young people in large cities and found that Afrian and Asian varieties of English to create new dialects. Sebba examined London Jamaican English and discovered that West Indian young people were merging with Lond regional dialect with elements of Jamaican Creoles