Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
THE EARLY MODERN AGE. Humanism and the renaissance - Coggle Diagram
THE EARLY MODERN AGE. Humanism and the renaissance
The Early modern Age
Economic transformation
Craftmanship and trade grew.
The increase in agricultural production resulted in a surplus in production.
The surplus products were sold in the city markets.
Merchants established new trade routes.
New products were brought to Europe.
Products were made in workshops controlled by guilds.
To meet growing demand, products were also made in people's homes and the domestic system was created.
Agricultural production increased
Three-field system was maintained.
It consisted of dividing the area of cultivated land into three sections and rotating the crops each year.
One section was left fallow (uncultivated).
The main crops were cereals.
Agriculture and livestock farming continued to be the main source of economic activity.
Mercantile capitalism developed.
It is an economic system in which capital belonged to private owners.
Generally members of the bourgeoisie.
Owners created trading companies to generate profits.
Banking
Economic growth resulted in the development of banking.
Services offered by bankers:
Providing loans
The bankers lent money in exchange for returning it plus an interest.
The monarchs asked the banks for loans to cover the costs of running their states.
The Medici in Florence and the Fugger family in Germany were among the most important banking families.
Creating new forms of payment.
The bill of exchange was created.
This document guaranteed that the banker would pay an authorised person, a quantity of money, on a specified date, at a specified place.
It was no longer necessary to travel with cash.
Social change
The cities grew in number and size.
An urban society developed.
Society was divided into different social classes.
The privileged class continued to be the nobility and the clergy, but the bourgeoisie became more influential in the cities.
They had numerous privileges.
They were judged by special tribunals.
They didn´t pay taxes.
The unprivileged class, also called commoners.
This group was divided into various sub-groups:
The peasants
Continued to form the largest group.
They were serfs of the feudal lord or noble.
They had to pay them rent or a part of their harvest.
They carried out violent protests for their rights.
The bourgeoisie
They were the city inhabitants.
They were not ruled by a feudal lord.
There were significant differences within this group:
The upper bourgeoisie.
They were important merchants, bankers and officials.
They lived in richly decorated urban palaces.
Together with the city nobles, they formed the ruling class, the most powerful and influential group.
Some of the upper bourgeoisie became wealthier than the nobles themselves.
2 more items...
The petite bourgeoisie.
They were small merchants, less important officials, all types of artisans, artists, servants and labourers.
They formed the largest group in the cities.
They lived in humble houses in buildings with several floors.
There was also a marginalised social group that consisted of beggar that lived on charity.
People ate with their hands.
Catherine de Medici started the fashion of eating with a fork.
It was not considered advisable to wash.
It was believes that water spread disease.
People rubbed themselves with a piece of cloth or only washed their clothes.
Bad smells were neutralised with perfumes.
Women were considered less important than men.
Their main function was to have children.
There was a high infant mortality.
Breast feeding was not socially acceptable.
Women from the nobility and upper bourgeoisie paid other women, called wet nurses, to do it for them.
It began with the Fall of Constantinople (1453) and ended with the French Revolution (1789).
The modern state
Greater centralisation of power and creation of powerful armies.
Monarchs had more resources.
The kings reasserted their power over the nobility and the bourgeoisie.
Their main objectives were to consolidate their authority, control the nobility and administrate the resources more effectively.
They formed powerful armies of mercenaries, which they used to subdue the nobles who confronted them.
They strengthened bureaucracy.
It was composed of officials directly under their control, who supervised the kingdom's affairs.
They centralised power by creating new institutions to serve them.
The monarchs established a court for the new institutions to function well.
The main authoritarian monarchies were the Spanish, Portuguese, French, English and Russian monarchies.
They were areas of strategic importance.
The became the scene of numerous wars.
Italy and Germany continued to be divided and became the scene of war between the most powerful authoritarian monarchies.
Europe at the end of the 15th century.
Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, the Ottoman and Russian Empires expanded.
Western Europe
The Spanish monarchy.
Resulted from the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs Isabel I of Castilla and Ferdinand II of Aragón.
Portugal remained independent until the end of the 16th century.
The French monarchy.
It gained power after the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453).
In the 16th century Francis I fought against Carlos V.
From 1562, France was involved in bloody religious wars.
At the end of the 16th century, Henry IV came to the throne and established the Bourbon Dynasty.
The Englihs monarchy.
It consolidated itself after the civil war.
In the 16th century the Tudor Dynasty came to power.
Henry VIII confronted the Pope, and Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish king Felipe II, maintaining the kingdom's independence.
The small states of Europe
The Holy Roman Empire.
It consisted of a multitude of kingdoms and independent territories in the centre of Europe.
The emperors were not able to unify them.
Italy
It remained divided into small principalities and republics.
The French and Spanish kings fought over control of the region.
Cultural changes
Humanist philosophy
It was characterised by...
Optimism and creativity.
Religious beliefs that caused fear were replaced by the belief in a better life.
Creativity was oriented towards obtaining better techniques, which resulted in numerous inventions.
Anthropocentrism.
They abandoned theocentrism.
Human beings became the centre of philosophy and art.
The desire for knowledge.
The humanists possessed intellectual curiosity.
They wanted to be Renaissance Man.
Critical thinking.
They tried to explain natural phenomena through:
Individual reflection: reason.
Extensive studies: research.
Practical demonstrations: experimentation.
The use of vernacular languages.
Previously, most books were written in Latin.
The humanists started to write their works in languages spoken in their countries.
More people had access to culture.
A renewed interest in classical culture.
Classical Greek and Roman culture became the point of reference.
The great humanists
Niccolo Machiavelli
He wrote
The Prince
.
In his book he gave practical advice to the rulers.
Thomas More
He wrote
Utopia
.
His book proposed an Ideal of a political system based on justice and equality.
Erasmus of Rotterdam
He wrote
The Praise of Folly
.
He and his work critised the customs of the time.
Dante
He wrote the
Divine Comedy
in Italian.
Petrarch
Boccaccio
Scientific advances and the spread of new ideas.
There were also scientific advances and the printing press was invented.
In the 16th century, the astronomer Copernicus proposed a revolutionary theory: the heliocentric hypothesis.
He also made discoveries about the human body.
These new ideas spread rapidly due to two factors:
The invention of the printing press by Gutenberg.
The type is arranged in a box, forming sentences and paragraphs from an original manuscript.
The type is covered in ink, a piece of paper is put in place and it is compressed with a press. In this way numerous copies can be made.
On the Gutenberg printing press, letters were selected one by one.
The creation of cultural institutions.
Florence, Rome and Naples.
The Italian Renaissance
The phases of the renaissance
Cinquecento
In the Cinquecento (the first half of the 16th century), Rome was the cultural centre with Venice.
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael Sanzio.
In the second half of the 15th century, Mannerism appeared.
Harmony and proportion were abandoned.
The most important painters are Bronzino, Pontormo, Tintoretto, Veronese, Cellini and Giambologna.
Quattrocento
In the Quattrocento (15th century), Florence was the main artistic centre.
The most importan architects are Brunelleschi and Alberti.
The most important sculptors are Ghiberti and Donatello.
The most important painters are Masaccio, Fra Angelico and Botticelli.
Trecento
The early features of the Renaissance appear.
The first artist was Giotto.
Architecture
Italian renaissance architecture
The most important architect was Brunelleschi.
In Italy, architects aimed for harmony, simplicity, open spaces and proportion.
The best examples of this new architectural style:
Hospitals.
Theatres.
Squares.
Libraries.
Town halls.
Rural villas.
Urban palaces.
The following features of Greek and Roman art were adopted:
Semi-circular arches and coffered ceilings.
Triangular pediment, friezes, geometric designs and scrolls.
Columns.
Longitudinal and central-plan.
Domes.
Painting and sculpture
New interests
The search for balance and proportion.
Renaissance artist studied the elements of a scene and arranged them symmetrically.
They often used pyramidal composition.
The figures were portrayed in proportion.
The human body.
They were interested in the anatomy of the human body.
Michelangelo.
Idealism and serenity.
Painters and sculptors tried to reflect reality.
Botticelli and Raphael Sanzio.
New techniques and materials
Painting
Ancient techniques.
Eventually the new oil technique was adopted.
Sculpture
Expensive materials were used more frequently.
Reliefs were replaced by freestanding sculptures.
New subjects
Classical Antiquity.
Portraits.
Nature, landscapes and buildings in the back.
Italian renaissance painting and sculpture
Symmetry.
The School of Athens (Raphael Sanzio)
The most important artists were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael Sanzio.
Perspective.
The Gates of Paradise (Lorenzo Ghiberti)
In sculpture, perspective was achieved by creating reliefs with various depths.
Inspiration from classical mythology.
The Birth of Venus (Sandro Botticelli)
A new artistic style emerged in Italy and spread throughout the rest of Europe: the Renaissance.
The Renaissance
Artists could dedicate themselves exclusively to creation because they were maintained by patrons.
It was called Renaissance because there was a revival of Classical Greek and Roman culture.
Reasons:
The arrival, in Italy of Greek scholars.
The abundance of Roman remains.
