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Scientific Processes Part 1 Mrs Jones - Coggle Diagram
Scientific Processes Part 1 Mrs Jones
SAMPLING
Random sampling
- Everyone has equal chance done by giving everyone a number and using RNG to select them (strength is nor researcher bias but weakness is computer selcting one category by chance like females and males.
Opportunity sampling
- Researches uses whoever is available and willing to be studied (strength is its quick and easy collection but weakness is bias sample that doesnt represent tragert population.
Sample
- Smaller section you want to collect data from.
Volunteer sampling
- People putting themselves forward often after a request/advertisement (strength is quick and easy collection but weakness is bias from demand characteristics and order effects.
Population
- Entire group you want to make conclusions about.
Systematic
- Every nth term (strength is no researcher bias but weakness is possibility of unrepresentative sample.
Stratified
- Groups selected in their frequency to be representative sample like age, religion, height (strength is no researcher bias but weakness is time consuming).
Generalisability
- Refers to the extent we can apply our research to the target population.
CONTROLS
Randomisation
- Used in presentation of trials in an experiment to avoid any systematic errors as a result of the order in which trials take place.
Standardization
- Process where procedures used in research are kept the same for both conditions (Time when test is done).
Counterbalancing
- Participant sample being divided in half with one doing conditions in a order and then the other group doing the other condition in reverse order, mixing up the tasks should balance order effects out.
Random allocation
- Participants have equal chance of being in any conditions, (name in hat).This decreases systematic error reducing individual differences in responses.
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS & INVESTIGATOR EFFECTS
Investigator effects
- Researcher prejudices the validity of their results unconsciously impacting results
Demand characteristics
- Participants insight into hypothesis of study leading to change in behaviour or reactivity lowering the internal validity
AIMS & HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis
- This is a testable statement thta predicts outcome it includes variables which is more precise than aim.
Aims
- This tells us the main objective and purpose of what the study intends to show.
Experimental hypothesis
- This is a test for difference which includes the IV and DV.
Alternative hypothesis
- The relationship between the two variables being studied, one variable has an effect on the other.
Null hypothesis
- States no difference or no correlation.
Directional hypothesis
- Predicts direction of outcome using comparative words like further, fewer ,better.
Non-directional hypothesis
- predicts difference but doesn't state which way.
VARIABLES
Extraneous variables
- A variable thats not being investigated however can have affect the outcome of research.
Confounding
- A variable that is an outside influence that changes the effect of a dependant and independent variable and can ruin the results, examples like weather between murder and ice cream rates.
Response variables
- A variable that changes as a result of manipulated variable being changed.
Operationalising variables
- Method to define and make a specific variable measurable as its used in the study, example like amount of words remembered after 5 minutes.
Manipulating variables
- A variable that we change or "manipulate" to see how it changes or affects the other variables, can sometimes be called the independent variable.
PILOT STUDY, EXPERIMENTAL & OBSERVATION DESIGNS
Matched pairs
- Different participants in each condition but there matched on variables, strength is no order effects or demand characteristics but weakness is its time consuming.
Structured observation
- When researches have specific behaviours they look for recording each time they see it occur.
Repeated measures
- All participants in all conditions strength is no individual differences but weakness is order effects, fix is counterbalancing mixing up the tasks.
Unstructured observation
- When researchers freely record everything they see about behaviour in as much detail as they can.
Independent design
- Different participants in each condition strength is no demand characteristics and no order effects but weakness is individual difference fix is to random allocate.
Event sampling
- Every occurrence of behaviour observed and recorded with in set of time, researcher records even every time it happens but can be difficult if too much happens.
Pilot study
- Smaller scale study conducted in advance of a larger scale randomized trial for the planning of larger trials.
Time sampling
- Behaviour observed and recorded at specific time intervals like every 10 minutes observation may not be representative as some may be missed out.
QUESTIONAIRE CONSTRUCTION
Interview
- Directed conversation in researcher to participants.
Open question
- No fixed responses so participant can answer freely in detail generating qualitative data.
Questionnaire
- A research instrument consisting of a series of questions to gain information.
Closed question
- Restricts participants as they have options to answer with generating quantitative data.
Survey
- Research method to collect data from a sample.
ETHICS
Right to withdraw
- Ability to withdraw their personal results towards data at any point during research and even later after research.
Informed consent
- Permission to be involved or investigated as well as data to be published from participant or if under 16 years old from their parent or guardian.
Privacy
- Not identified and anonymous meaning name should be changed
Deception
- Research must not deliberately with hold information from participants unless its necessary.
Confidentiality
- Anonymity for participants when research is being published and be maintained unless circumstances where participant or researcher involved can be harmed.
Debrief
- Full explanation and summary of experiment to all participants including true aims of both conditions covering again ethical issues.
Protection from harm
- Protection for participants from both physical and psychological harm.