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cardiovascular system - Coggle Diagram
cardiovascular system
Major blood vessels
arteries
common carotid artery
brachiocephalic trunk
accenting aorta
brachial artery
ulnar artery
radial artery
subclavian artery a
aortic arcg a
axillary artery (armpit)
thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta
common iliac artery
femoral artery a
anterior tibial artery
fibular artery
veins
internal jugular veins
brachiocephalic veins
superior vena cava
brachial vein r
radial vein
internal iliac vein
femoral vein
external jugular vein
subclavian vein
axillary vein
cephalic veins
basilic vein
inferior vena cava
common iliac vein
great saphenous vein
Major functions of cardiovascular system
veins are delivery systems that transport blood towards the heart, they begin and end at the heart
supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues
remove waste from tissues
deliveries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other important substances to cells and organs in the body
pulmonary circuit carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide.
the systemic circuit sends oxygen-rich blood to all body cells, where it drops of oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide
capillaries are vessels that run between arteries and veins.
vital signs
blood pressure (BP) -force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
vital signs -pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory temperature
pulse -throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressure, which can be felt under skin
radial pulse -taken at the wrist, most routinely used
pressure points -areas where arteries are close to body.
layers of the heart
layers of the heart
epicardium -double walled sac that surrounds the heart, made of two layers
myocardium -circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
endocardium -inner most layer, continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
coverings of the heart
pericardium -double walled sac that surrounds heart, made of two layers
parietal layer -lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart
blood flow through the heart and body
oxygen poor blood
SVC and IVC
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
lungs
oxygen rich blood
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid (mitral valve)
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
the body
anatomy of the heart including all chambers and valves
chambers and associated great vessels
external features
coronarysulcus (atrioventricular groove)
anterior interventricular sulcus
posterior interventricular sulcus
internal features
two superior atriums
two inferior ventricles
intertrial septum; seperates atriums
interventricular septum; separates ventricles
ventricles - the discharging chambers
right ventricle -most anterioir surface
left ventricle -posteroinferior surface.
trabecuale carnea -ireegular ridges of muscle on vetricular cavity
papillary muscles -project into ventricular cavity
right ventricle -pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
left ventricle -pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in body)
atria (receiving chambers)
left atrium -receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
coronary sinus -returns blood from coronary veins
right atrium -receives deoxygenated blood from body
atrium -appendages that increase atrial volume.
superior vena cava -returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
inferioir vena cava -returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
size and location of the heart
base of the heart (posterior surface) leans toward right shoulder
heart weight -average adult 300 grams
heart size -average heart is approximately size of a closed fist
heart is located in mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space
apex point toward left hip
semilunar heart valves (named after their crescent moon shape)
two semilunar (SL) valves -prevent backflow from major arteries and back into ventricles
open and close in response to pressure changes
semilunar valves are flaps of endocardium and connective tissue reinforced fibers which prevent valve from turning inside out
pulmonary semilunar valve -located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
aortic semilunar valve -located between left ventricle and aorta
heart valves
one way blood flow through the heart (prevents blackflow of blood)
atrioventricular valves -located between atria and ventricles
semilunar valves -located between ventricles and major arteries
Disorders of the cardio vascular system
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
descriptions -blood flow to part of the heart that is blocked (heart attack)
causes and risk factors included blood clot, high blood pressure, stress, smoking and sex/sexual pleasures
symptoms included chest pain, dizziness, nausea, heart palpitations and vomiting
treatment options included, angioplasty, open heart surgery, thrombolytics and nitroglycerin
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
description -arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
causes and risk factors include limb trauma, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure
symptoms included leg/arm pain dumbness and weakness.
treatment options include medication, surgery, special exercise, and angioplasty
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
description -blood flow to a portion of the brain is interuppted (stoke)
causes and risk Factos blood clot, clogged arteries, aneursym, and high blood pressure
symptoms include severe headache, changes in alertness, memory loss, confusion, and loss of coordination
treatment options include thrombolytics, blood thinners, physical therapy, and surgery
congenital heart diseases
descriptions -issue with the heart structure and / or a function present since birth
causes and risk factors include infection, smoking, hereditery and abnormalities
symptoms include shortness of breath, cyanosis, and irregular heartbeats
treatment options include medication and surgery
endocarditis and myocarditis
description -inflammation of the heart
causes and risk factors include virus/bacterial, allergic reaction to medication, and heart damage
symptoms included chest pain, fatigue, fever, and shortness of breath
treatment options included, antibiotics, medication, pacemaker and diuretics
cardiac cycle and ECG
cardia cycle
atriole systole begins
action potential from the sinoatrial node
active filling of ventricles
synchronous artial contraction
ventricular systole (1st phase)
ventricular systole (2nd phase)
ventricular diatole (early)
fisrt third of the diastolic phase (early ventricular diastole)
ventricular rapid flow
ventricular diastole (late)
middle third of the diatolic phase (late ventricular diastole)
passive inflow or diastasis
artiral diastole
atria passively filling
atrioventricular valve open
ventricular diastole (atrial)
last thrid of the diastolic phase (atrial diastole)
ventricular filling due to atrial contraction (20%)
description -graphic recording of electoral activity
composite of all action potentials at given time (not a tracing of a single AP)
main features
P wave -depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex -ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave -ventricular repolarization
P-R interval -beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment -entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval -beginning og ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
structrual and functional diffrences between blood and vessel types (arteries, veins and capillaries)
veins
description -a blood vessel that carries blood that is low oxygen content from the body back into the heart
veins are part of the afferent wing of the circulatory system (returns blood to the heart)
formation begins when capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins
capillaries
description -exchange of gases, nutrients, waste, hormones etc. between blood and interstitial fluid
capillaries are the tiniest blood vessel in the body
so small only one red blood cell can pass at a time
capillaries are very thin and are composed of only 2 layers (inner and outer)
arteries
description -a vessle that carries blood high in oxygen content away from the heart
arteries carrt blood away from the heart in 2 pathways, systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit
blood types
ABO
blood group A -contains antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
blood group B -contains antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasms
blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of RBCs
Blood may contain preformed anti-A or anti-B antibodies
RH
most common antigen of the Rh group is antigen D
Rh blood types include several Rh antigens or factors
If Rh factor (Antigen D) is present on a person's red blood cells the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative
protein called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent (–), creating the 8 most common blood types (A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-).
blood flow through the heart and body
oxygen poor blood
SVC & IVC
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmanoary trunk
pulmaonary arteries
lungs
oxygen rich blood
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid (mitral valve)
left ventricle
aortic semiulunar valve
aorta
throughout entire body