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GCSE History Paper 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cuban exiles + prisoners sent in with US weapons to try and make it look like a revolution; it failed. US were also held to account for it because the weapons were american
    - - USSR promised to buy 1m tonnes of sugar each year
      - USSR on the doorstep of US
    - - Quarantine created around Cuba
        
        Depth charges used making some believe it was an act of war
      - Tension has increased
      - Half advisors said quarantine, other half wanted to invade
  - - - Churchill
      - Stalin
      - Roosevelt
    - - Stalin
      - Truman
      - Churchill (replaced by Clement Attlee)
    - - Churchill
      - Roosevelt
      - Stalin
  - - - Events
        
        Kick-started an arms race
        
        SDI - Strategic Defense Initiative
        
        Satellites in space to destroy nuclear missles
      - Consequences
    - - Events
        
        Attempts to make it 'Communism with a human face' - Granting political freedoms in April 1968 which received lots of criticisms
        
        Relaxation of Censorship, market socialism (with some capitalist attributes), More freedoms that other soviet countries
        
        Dubcek becomes the new leader of Czechoslovakia
        
        Soviet Union sent tanks to deal with these freedoms before other soviet states requested these privileges
      - Consequences
        
        Czechoslovakia's freedoms were removed
        
        Dubcek kept alive, being granted a less powerful role
    - - Events
        
        When Taraki was assassinated and replaced, by Hafizullah Amin, The Soviet Union felt its influence in Afghanistan was threatened
        
        Brezhnev ordered troops to invade in December 1979. Barbrak Karmal was made president, Amin and followers were killed.
        
        Brezhnev believed wrongly that the US and its president, Jimmy Carter would not object to the invasion
        
        Soviets believed it was within their sphere of influence as it was bordering the Soviet Union. This meant President Taraki's Government had to be communist and Soviet-backed
        
        Soviet troops had to remain in the country to keep Karmal in power. Afghan rebels known as Mujahideens resisted these troops
      - Consequences
        
        Carter Doctrine 1980
        
        Threatened to use force if Soviets tried to take over Persian Gulf
        
        US alongside its allies ( Saudi Arabia, Pakistan) , secretly provided assistance to the mujahideens
        
        Soviet Troops remained in Afghanistan
    - - Consequences
        
        700 Soviet soldiers died
        
        Army of over 200,000 invaded Hungary - Budapest
        
        2500 Hungarians Died
        
        80,000 Hungarian Refugees accepted by America
        
        Some Countries boycotted the 1956 Olympics
        
        Soviet Response Condemned by UN
        
        Nagy Executed + replaced by Janos Kadar
      - Destalinization Experiment
- - - - Divided into roles
        
        Thegns
        
        Gathered lots of money for the Earls, had some power but not too much, lots of land
        
        Peasants
        
        Chose which master to work for
        
        Earls
        
        In charge of enforcing law, crime, keeping region in order. Had power to judge guilty, innocent
        
        Generals and led the thegns (local lords) in wars against the king or England's enemies
        
        They governed large areas of land and collected taxes in their regions. could keep a third of taxes for themselves, rest go to King
        
        Senior noblies in King, Loyal to the king and was given a significant amount of power
        
        Slaves
        
        Worked for rich people, didn't get paid, treated poorly
        
        King
        
        Controlling the minting of new coins
        
        Making new laws
        
        Making people play Taxes
        
        Executing God's will on earth
        
        Controlling Land. King could give land to followers or take it away from those who he believed had wronged him. Or to weaken
        
        Raising the fleet and the army - fyrd. Casual militia raised when needed
      - Land
        
        Land was the symbolism of power, if someone had more land that meant that they could give it away to others for their loyalty and an army
    - - Group of Earls that was apart of the king's council; they advised him on the matters of state, the King could ignore them if he chose to. The King appointed those on the council
    - - 2nd last Anglo-Saxon King
      - Married to Edith Godwinson; daughter of the Earl of Godwin, a powerful noble
      - He earned the respect of people as a lawmaker
      - Unable to have a child prior to his death which led to the fight for the throne
      - died 1066
    - - If a crime was in progress, a person had to shout a 'hue and cry' and everyone in the village would have to chase after the criminal, otherwise the whole village would receive a fine.
      - Tithings
        
        Done between
        
        If someone within a tithing committed a crime, the other would have to enact justice or face the punishments themselves
      - Wergild
        
        Wergild was compensation paid towards the victim of a crime to avoid blood feuds
      - Treason was instantly a death penalty
      - Trials
        
        Ordeal
        
        Hot water
        
        Cold water
        
        Hot Iron
      - Shire reeve (Sheriff)
        
        Represented the King in each area, communicated with through writs
        
        Responsibilities
        
        collecting geld tax (land tax
        
        Judging legal cases in shire courts
        
        Tax collection on king's land
        
        Rallying men for the fyrd, making sure the shire was protected
    - - Shires
      - Hundreds
      - Earldoms
      - Tithings
    - - Buhrs
        
        Defensive towns with walls around them to protect them from attackers such as the vikings upon Edward the Confessor's death
    - - catholic churches were a common sight across Europe
      - Bishops
        
        held important status in society
        
        in charge of church districts
      - Anglo-Saxons were highly religious
      - criminals can seek refuge in a church for up to 40 days
    - - Family
        
        Harold
        
        Earl of Wessex (1053+)
        
        The Oath
        
        Harold made an oath to WIlliam of Normandy that he would be the next King after Edward's death,
        
        No evidence can support this
        
        William wasn't granted the ability of being King unless he overthrew Harold Godwinson in the battle of Hastings
        
        Edith
        
        Tostig
        
        Earl of Northumberland until overthrown by local thegns
        
        Reasons
        
        Tostig went too far in crackdown on lawlessness; he abused his power of the Earl of Northumbria, threatening nobles and assassinating rivals
        
        Over-taxed the Northumbrians compared to other Earldoms, this left the Thegns of Northumbria as well as the people outraged
        
        He became friendly with Malcolm III of Scotland, rather than fighting them. Scotland and England were enemy countries.
        
        Not related to Tostig but the Northumbrians invited Morcar (The brother of a well-respected earl Edwin) and wanted them to be the Earl instead
        
        Father
        
        Earl, high esteeming noble until death in 1053
      - Power
        
        The Godwin Family had a lot of power within England, this is because many Godwin children were Earls of large territories
    - - Edward the Confessor sent Harold Godwinson and his men to talk to William the Duke of Normandy
      - On the expedition, they were captured and WIlliam freed them.
      - Secret message which could've been about the next King of England
  - - - Thegns
        
        Thegns were also referred to as Tennants
        
        Normans inherited the land when the thegns died
        
        Saxons could still become thegns but they had to pay an expensive fee
        
        Thegns disobeying Norman Masters had their land taken away
      - Slaves
        
        10% of the Anglo Saxons were slaves, Normans disagreed with Slavery and then granted them freedom
      - Peasants
        
        Under the Anglo-Saxons, there were a large number of ceorls (free peasants). This group became much rarer under the Normans; peasants didn't notice a change in treatment
      - Earls
        
        Earls and their earldoms were reduced in importance as their size of land became smaller, William made it this way so that the Earls were dependent on the king
        
        Tennant in Chief
      - Knights
        
        Under Tennants
    - - Normans kept churches due to the fact that they were highly religious; for William to control England, he wouldn't want to aggravate the Saxons with the removal of them due to his small army at the time of establishing control
      - Catholic Churches were dominant in Europe and the Normans improved the Saxon Churches
        
        Some of the Norman built churches replaced the currently existing ones by the Saxons
        
        William also had a private church for himself
        
        Normans had built more stone churches in major towns such as Durham and York; they also built these churches and cathedrals in different styles to Saxon Style; being a lot bigger and consuming wide spaces.
      - Bishop Odo
        
        He was appointed to Bishop by William despite his bad rep; he was in William's debt
        
        Odo contributed to the invasion in 1066, this was significant. William had to reward him and others with land after England was conquered. Odo's wealth was an example of how the Conquest committed by the Normans had a significant impact to the fortune of William's followers.
        
        William and Odo were half-brothers
        
        Odo commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry, a piece of Norman Propaganda, as an attempt to support William's claim to the throne as the rightful King of England.
        
        Despite Odo being William's half brother, there were still limitations to his power, this is because Odo started to use the church's land in a way that aggravated Lanfranc- 1076
        
        In 1082, Odo falls out of favour with William, being imprisoned, this was sentenced until William's death, which happened after Odo's brother managed to persuade William to show mercy. The falling out could've been caused by Odo stealing William's soldiers to use as his own army as well as taking these knights to the church in order to get more power
        
        Odo leads barons in revolt against William the II, attempts to help Robert 'Curthose'; this is because he believed that Robert would be a weaker king, making it easier for Odo to succeed him - 1088
        
        Odo led this revolt, expecting that Robert Curthose would send support to aid him. However this did not happen, which led to Odo being forced to surrender, leading him to being exiled.
        
        Made Co-regent by William
    - - Scattered across England
    - - Sheriff
        
        Norman
        
        Sheriffs kept this role, with new laws added that punished anti-Norman rebellion
        
        Sheriffs kept this role, with new responsibilities as custodian of castles in the shire that belonged to the king
        
        The king appointed the sheriff, who now had much more power; they controlled their shire and answered only to the king
        
        Saxon
        
        Sheriffs were responsible for law and order in their shire, answering to the earl
        
        Sheriffs were responsible for defence of the shire and gathering together the fyrd
        
        The king appointed the sheriff to manage the king's land in the earldom, but the earl was much more important than the sheriff
      - Forest Laws
        
        Laws which prevented people from hunting, woodcutting and scavenging in a domain of forest that the king claimed was his own
        
        When land was reclassified as the forest; people were evicted from their homes if their housing was within the territory
        
        People avoided the true punishment of these laws by blacking out their face; this made it difficult for those to identify the people that are hunting, gathering in these forests which became an issue for William later on
    - - Book containing the information of every location in England, used to identify social roles, who owns certain land as well as the tax they have to pay.
  - - - Causes
      - 25th September 1066
  - - - Viking (Norway)
  - - - Through buildings, building them larger and with more expensive materials to show that they are better than Saxons
    - - Norman male aristocrats shaved the back of their heads, spending time on appearance was a luxury that the common people couldn't afford