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Organisation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - mechanical devices
        
        stents
        
        a tiny baloon is inflated inside
        
        balloon is deflated & removed
        
        a metal mesh placed in the artery
        
        stent keeps arteries open
        
        effective for those with not overly bad CHD
        
        artificial pacemaker
        
        implanted into the chest
        
        attached by two wires
        
        an electrical device used to correct irregularities
        
        used to fix irregular heart beat as can cause problems
      - transplant
        
        whilst waiting for a new heart an artificial heart can be used to support blood flow
        
        these require lots of machinery so must stay in hospital
        
        the wait for a donor with a tissue match can be a long time
        
        A donor heart / heart & lungs can be transplanted in the case of heart failure
      - drugs (statins)
        
        reduces blood cholesterol level
        
        effective for those at risk for CHD but not those further on (prevention)
        
        reduces the rate fatty mateials are deposited in the artery
    - - what is it?
        
        this makes the heart less efficient
        
        people may become breathless & die
        
        over time valves can become stiff, leak or not open fully
      - treatment
        
        mechanical valves: made of Ti & polymers // last a long time // need anti-clotting medicine
        
        biological valves: taken from pigs // cattle // human donors // last aprox 12-15 years // big wait for tissue match
    - - this reduces the flow of blood
      - resulting in a lack of oxygen to the heart muscles
      - layers of fatty deposits build up in the arteries, narrowing them
  - - - Viruses in living cells can be the trigger fro cancers
      - Immune reactions initially caused by pathogens can trigger allergies such as skin rashes & asthma
      - Defects in the immune system means that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious disease
      - Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illnesses
  - - - lymphocytes
        
        adaptations: specific // can produce antibodies // can produce antitoxins
        
        function: agglutinate pathogens // neutralise antitoxins
      - phagocytes
        
        adaptations: no specific
        
        function: engulf & digest pathogens // phagocitosis // 70% of wbc
      - plasma
        
        adaptations: clear // watery
        
        function: transport CO2 // digest food molecules // urea // hormones // distribute heat
      - red blood cells
        
        adaptations: no nucleus // contain haemoglobin (red pigment) // biconcave shape // thin
        
        function: transport oxygen for aerobic respiration
      - platelets
        
        function: form blood clots to prevent bleeding out (form scabs
        
        adaptations: have proteins on the surface to stick to breaks in blood vessels // secrete proteins for blood clots
  - - - alcoholism
        
        substance: alcohol
        
        impact: high blood pressure // strokes // heart disease // some cancers
        
        aspect: excessive consumption of alcohol // addiction
      - lung disease
        
        substance: cigarettes // tobacco
        
        impact: trouble breathing // coughing blood & mucus // shortness of breath // less able to exercise
        
        aspect: excessive smoking // addiction
      - type 2 diabetes
        
        substance: excessive consumption of processed carbohydrates & sugars
        
        impact: increased hunger // blurred vision // fatigue // unintended weightloss
        
        aspect: poor diet // little exercise // obesity // insulin resistance
      - smoking during pregnancy
        
        substance: cigarettes // tobacco
        
        impact: tissue damage in unborn // brain & lung damage for child // unborn can have with drawl // cleft-lip // miscarriage
        
        aspect: smoking // addiction
      - cardiovascular disease
        
        substance: unhealthy food // alcohol // tobacco
        
        impact: chest pain // breathlessness // heart attacks // heart failure // swollen limbs // fatigue
        
        aspect: poor diet // little exercise // sedentary lifestyle
      - cancer
        
        substance: cigarettes // alcohol // long exposure to sunlight
        
        impact: bladder & bowl changes // bruising for no reason // eating problems // persistent cough
        
        aspect: smoking // obesity // poor diet // sun exposure // not vaccinated
    - - can be aspects of a person's lifestyle
      - substances in a person's body or environment
      - linked to an increased rate of disease
    - - More money on healthcare - prescriptions & doctor's time
      - people are taxed more
      - Increased people in healthcare
      - many diseases preventable
    - - effect of alcohol on liver & brain function
      - effects of smoking on lung disease & cancer
      - effect of diet on Type 2 diabetes
      - effects of alcohol & smoking on unborn babies
      - the effects of smoking, diet & exercise on cardio vascular disease
      - carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as a risk factor in cancer
  - - - through broncioles
      - into alveoli
      - down through bronchi
      - gas exchange takes place with capillary network
      - air goes through the trachea & past the larynx
    - - veins
      - capillaries
      - arteries
    - - gas exchange takes place
      - oxygenated blood comes back into the heart through the pulmonary vein
      - into the left atrium & up and out of the pulmonary artery & into lungs
      - blood from left atrium goes into left ventricle
      - through the right atrium and through the valve
      - oxygenated blood is pumped out of the aorta and around the body
      - oxygenated blood enters the heart from the body through the vena cava
      - A double circulatory system (passes through the heart twice in one circuit
      - natural resting heart rate: is controlled by a group of cells iin the right atrium, that act like a pacemaker
      - artificial pacemakers can be used to correct irregularities in heart rate
  - - - Gut
        
        stomach (ph2)
        
        small intestine (ph8)
        
        oesophagus
        
        large intestine
        
        mouth
        
        anus
      - chemical makers
        
        liver (neutralises stomach acid)
        
        gall bladder (stores bile produced by liver)
        
        salivary glands
        
        pancreas
        
        bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder // it's alkaline to neutralise the hydrochloric acid in the stomach // also emulsifies fat to form droplets which increase the surface area // alkaline conditions and large sa increase the rate at which fat is broken down by lipase
    - - temperature
        
        activity increases with temperature
        
        After 40°C imf's break // active site looses shape // no longer able to catalyse reaction // enzyme is denatured
      - pH
        
        stomach: pH2
        
        small intestine: pH8
        
        mouth: pH7
      - what are they?
        
        amylase: starch -> glucose // works in: mouth (pH 7) & small intestine (pH 8) // made in: salivary glands & pancreas
        
        protease: proteins -> amino acids // works in: stomach (pH 2) & small intestine (pH 8) // made in: stomach & pancreas + small intestine
        
        carbohydrase: complex carbohydrates -> simple sugars
        
        lipase: lipids -> fatty acids & glycerol // works in: small inestine (pH 8) // made in: pancreas + small intestine
    - - lipids
        
        they are the most efficient energy store in the body & an important aspect of our diet
        
        combined with other molecules they are important in cell membranes, as hormones & in nervous system
        
        Lipids are fats(solid) and oils (liquid) eg. butter, margarine, cheese & oils
        
        all lipids are insoluble in water
        
        made from: 3 molecules of fatty acids & one molecule of glycerol // carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
      - proteins
        
        protein rich food: meat, fish, pulses & cheese
        
        made up from long chains of amino acids
        
        used for building cells, tissues & enzymes // found in:* hair, nails, muscles & enzymes
        
        If broken they become denatured
        
        made form: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
      - carbohydrates
        
        simple carbohydrates: made from 1 / 2 sugars joined together eg. glucose & sucrose
        
        complex carbohydrates: made of long chains of simple sugar units bonded together eg. starch & cellulose
        
        all carbohydrates are made of units of sugar
        
        Carbohydrate rich food: bread, potatoes, rice & pasta
        
        made of: carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
    - - fatty acid & glycerol: synthesis of lipids (cell membrane)
      - amino acids: synthesis of proteins (enzymes)
      - glucose: respiration // synthesis of glucose
    - - use of glucose & nitrogen to form amino acids, synthesise proteins
      - respiration
      - formation of lipids from 1 glycogen molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules
      - breakdown of excess proteins to to form urea for excretion
      - conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen & cellulose
- - - - smaller concentration gradient
      - diffusion happens more slowly
      - higher concentration of water molecules in the air
    - - when air is still humidity builds up around the plant from transpiration
      - this decreases the concentration gradient
      - air movement aids transpiration
      - If there is air movment the air will be replaced constanly allowing the plant to transpire
    - - more KE means faster evaporation
      - faster transpiration stream
      - water molecules move faster as they get hotter because of KE
      - more diffusion
    - - the stomata remain open to allow for inward diffusion of CO2 for photosynthesis
      - more outward diffusion of H2O
      - Increases the rate of transpiration
  - - - roots -> stem -> leaf in the xylem
      - water evaporates inside the air spaces of the leaf
      - water moves up xylem in the transpiration stream
      - water diffuses* out of the leaf
      - water moves into root hair cell by osmosis
      - xylem tissue is composed of long, hollow tube of dead cells strengthened by lignin
    - - the movement of food molecules throught the phloem tissue is translocation
      - Phloem is composed oftube elongated cells
      - this is for immediate use or storage
      - Cell sap can move from one pphloem celss to the next through pores in the end walls
      - Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
- - - - leave for 5 mins
      - if sugar presnt colour will change. Degree of change will indicate how much sugar present (can't do exact amounts)
      - place test tube in a beaker & fill halfway with hot kettle water
      - green = small amount of sugar // yellow = more sugar // red = lots of sugar
      - add 10 drops of Benedict's solution (blue)
      - only works on reducing sugars (glucose) not non-reducing (sucrose)
      - add 2 cm^3 of food solution to test tube
    - - add 2cm^3 of biuret solution (blue)
      - if present colour will change to purple / lilac
      - add 2cm^3 food solution to test tube
    - - add a few drops of iodine (orange)
      - If starch is present it will turn a blue / black, if not present, no change
      - add 2 cm^3 of food solution to a test tube
    - - add a few drops of distilled water
      - add a few drops of ethanol
      - add 2cm^3 of food solution to test tube
      - gently shake
      - don't filter (lipid molecules stick to filter paper)
      - if present a cloudy white emulsion will form
      - grind food in mortar & pestle w/ distilled water
    - - transfer paste to a beaker and add more distilled water, stir so chemicals in food dissolve in water
      - filter solution to remove suspended food particles
      - take food sample & grind with distilled water in mortar & pestle, make a paste