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How Do New Species Evolve? - Coggle Diagram
How Do New Species Evolve?
Evidence 1: What is Alle Frequency?
Allele frequency is how much a certain trait shows up in a given population. It allows us to see which traits bring a higher advantage. Allele frequency fluctuates from generation to generation. When we did the butterfly experiment, we calculated the allele frequency by dividing the number of living butterflies of one color by the total number of live butterflies.
When I was in elementary school I was closest with a group of girls some of who are still somewhat close friends today. The Otts, Mallory, Mollie, and Brittney were the main ones. I was also close with Norah and actually two other girls who moved away. Just like how it's very helpful to understand and be able to see allele frequency in a population, it's important to understand who I was friends to understand how I have changed since.
Evidence 3: How Do We Get Equilibrium?
The Hardy Weinberg principle tells us about how we keep the allele frequency the same and prevent evolution. To achieve equilibrium we would have to create a situation where there was no natural selection, no sexual selection, no mutations, a large population size, and no gene flow. Considering the fact that some of these things happen randomly, there is not really a way to achieve this.
If I would've stayed friends with my old friends, I would probably felt more like an outsider. They are more popular than me and like different things. They are all very competitive and I would've felt out of place. As far as I can tell, there wasn't really a way for us to stay close friends because I changed so much then that I had different opinions on things. I do feel comfortable talking to them and luckily I didn't leave the friend group with hard feelings about anything.
Evidence 2: How Do Allele Frequencies Change?
There are five things that can change an allele frequency. Natural selection or the idea that ones with certain traits are less likely to die and therefore more likely to reproduce. Sexual selection is where certain individuals are more attractive mates because of a trait they may posses. Mutation can change the allele frequency because random changes in DNA can lead to new traits.Genetic drift is when the allele frequency changes due to just random chance. New gene flow from an influx of new individuals from outside the population can also lead to changes.
My friends changed slowly. I started hanging out with my new friends Elliot, Hadley, Avery, and all the numerous people I'm close with today, more and more. Elliot was in my class in 5th grade so I was close to her and I spent more time with her. I slowly drifted away from my old friends because I wasn't as close as I was before and my new friends shared a lot more of my interests. This is like a change in allele frequency because there are a couple different ways that friends drift apart. Some are more abrupt than others and it can be caused by 1 or more reasons just like changes in allele frequencies.
Resources
Papilio Papyri Analysis pg. 26
Population Genetics pg. 27
Papilio Papyri Experiment pg. 24
Speciation pg. 28
Evidence 4: How Does a New Species Form?
I didn't know what my connection would be during evidence so the one I explained is different than the one related to my friend group. I wasn't physically moved away from my friends and therefore forced to make new ones. It's closer to peripatric or sympatric. It's like peripatric because I had different traits and felt different so my friends are now a little more like me. It's slightly like sympatric because it was a new thing, that led to my seperation (moving to a school with new people and different personalities).
A new species is formed when a population is first separated. This can be through a variety of speciation events. The easiest one to understand is when a group is separated by geological isolation. This is called allopatric speciation. When two groups are physically separated they no longer reproduce and interact together. With likely new environments, they have different selective pressures and they will have different mutations. For the two groups to be fully different, they must over time have significant differences and when the groups are reunited they do not interbreed.
Claim
I am choosing to apply this to my change in friend groups from elementary school to current. I chose this because my friends are a big part of my life and I would be a different person without them.
New species evolve because there are differences in a population and traits can change over time. Eventually, this can lead to a new species entirely, but a few things have to happen first.
Conclusion
I learned a lot about speciation and the different ways species can be separated. I knew that species would split into more but I didn't know exactly how that was.
I don't know what the coolest thing we learned was but I thought the butterfly experiment was a really fun way to teach us about alleles and changes in a species population.