Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN, image, image,…
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
The Reign of Alfonso XII: Stability of the Regime
Constitution of 1876
Rights and freedoms
Rights slowly were declared
Freedom was usually restricted
Religion
Catholicism
other religions permitted
public expressions were prohibited
Suffrage
not regulated by constitution
1890: censitary suffrage
after: universal manhood suffrage
Turnismo
two main parties
Conservative Party
Liberal Party
alternate their terms in power
avoid military uprisings
introduced by Cánovas del Castillo
Parliament
Senate
formed by categories of senators
Congress
Sovereignty
parliament and king
Turnismo
corrupt alternation of parties
selected party called general elections
electoral manipulation altered the results
which they then won
government or king decided
The Bourbon Restoration
Alfonso XII was crowned
finishing the First Republic
restoring the monarchical system
Bourbon dynasty returned to the Spanish throne
Restoration
election was manipulated
negative impact on the regime
crisis at the end of the 19th century
politically marginalised
part of the middle classes
ordinary people
2 Parties
Liberal, founded by Sagasta
supporters: progressive and regionalist middle class
ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
Conservative, founded by Cánovas del Castillo
supported by the aristocracy and the wealthiest bourgeoisie
moderate politicians
Other political parties
Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party
Basque Nationalist Party
Republican Party
Regionalist League of Cataluña
elections were rigged
never given the opportunity to govern
Regency of María Cristina: Crisis of the Political System
Regional problem
1890: nationalist movements began to state
Basque nationalism
Basque national sovereignty
no Spanish dimension
1894, Sabino Arana
founded Basque Nationalist Party
Catalan nationalism
1901: the Regionalist League of Cataluña was founded
1877: first newspaper in Catalan
recognised as a nation
active role in Spanish politics
stood out
Cataluña
País Vasco
proposals for decentralisation
defended their own culture
Galicia
different political movements
dissatisfied with uniform centralism of moderate liberalism
demanded regional identity
Aragón, Valencia, Navarra, Asturias and Andalucía
Colonial problem
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Spain ceded
Cuba (until 1902), the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States
1898: United States intervened
Spain lost the war
1899: German-Spanish Treaty was signed
Spain ceded the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands and Palau to Germany
Disaster of 1898
Spanish morale went down
80,000 people died
many injured
incomes were lost
national crisis
Spain’s government
supported turnismo
accused of poor political management
lost credibility
Cuba demanded autonomy
Cuban wars
Cuban independence fighters, aided by the United States
Spanish: didn't want independence
1868–1878 and 1895–1898
uprisings in the Philippines
political and commercial
Problem of popular representation
differences between
real Spain
official Spain
Parliament
didn't represent the majority of citizens
electoral fraud
Regenerationism
eslogan = priorities
‘school and larder'
greatest supporter: Joaquín Costa (1846–1911)
movement to regenerate Spain’s socio-political situation
by eliminating electoral fraud
promoting reform in the education system
Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis
María Cristina: became the regent
pregnant with the future king
Alfonso XIII
political regime began to show signs of crisis
In November 1885
Gradual Economic Modernisation in Spain
Financial chnages
Unfair tax system
collected little tax
penalised poorer people
Banco de España
established credit associations
In 1865
The peseta
Spain’s official national currency in 1868
until the euro was introduced in 2002
Demographic changes and economics repercussions
limited growth
high death rates
famine
epidemics
wars
live expectancy (1900)
35 years
Agricultural changes
inequality of land ownership
Caciquismo
social influence
municipal jobs
controlled employment contracts
armed followers
ntimidated population
Caciques: large landowners
rigged elections
turnismo,
favourable results
Labour movement
1888
General Union of Workers (UGT)
1879 by Pablo Iglesias
founded in Madrid
Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE)
1873
Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association
30,000 members
Cataluña, the Levante and Andalucía
employment legislation
recognition of trade union rights (1887)
compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace (1900)
protective laws on child labour (1873)
Railway network
modest economic modernisation
