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What are the effects of chemicals in food and drink on cellular functions?…
What are the effects of chemicals in food and drink on cellular functions?
Common chemicals found in food and drink
sugars
fuctose
found in foods such as honey, dried fruits, fruit jams. (Dowse, 2023) fructose is found in drinks including fruit drinks such as pomegranate and apple. (Whitbread, 2022)
glucose
foods including honey, golden syrup and dried fruits. (Dowse, 2023) found in soft drinks such as coca-cola. (45 beverages highest in glucose (dextrose)
sucrose
sucrose is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beet. It is in manufactured foods such as cakes and cookies. (Dowse, 2023)
lactose
lactose is found in milk products such as milk, buttermilk, yogurt, sour cream, condensed milk, frozen yogurt and ice-cream (Dowse, 2023)
mercury
the main source of mercury from food is found in seafood produce such as fish. (Wells et al., 2020)
sodium chloride
commonly found in ready-to-go meals and meat (bacon) (Sodium chloride | food standards Scotland)
carbohydrates
found in: grains; bread, noodles, pasta, crackers, cereals, rice fruits; apples, bananas, berries, mangoes, melons, orange
dairy products; milk, yogurt
Legumes; dried beans, lentils, peas
and more... (Carbohydrates 2022)
proteins
the main sources of proetin from food come from lean meat and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans,
‘milk, yoghurt, cheese (Department of Health & Human Services, 2003)
lipids
lipids are mainly oils and fats - commonly found in foods including salad dressing, olives, avocados, peanut butter, nuts, seeds, and a number of fish. (Green & Shallal, 2020)
minerals
minerals (such as calcium and ion) can be located in meat, cereals, fish, dairy products (milk), fruit, vegetables and nuts. (Vitamins and minerals 2020)
minerals, such as sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium can be found in drinks such as coconut water, milk, watermelon water (including other fruit juices), smoothies and sports drinks. (Hill, 2019)
vitamins
vitamin C, B and folic acid are water-soluble vitamins and mainly found in fruits, vegetables, grains and dairy products. vitamin A, D, E and K are all fat-soluble vitamins and found in foods such as animal fats, vegetable oil, dairy foods, liver and oily fish.(Vitamins and minerals 2020)
caffeine
Caffeine is in common food and drinks such as coffee, soft drink, tea, chocolate, energy drinks and caffeine based supplements. (Caffeine 2020)
water
H₂O is found in a variety of foods such as cucumber, tomatoes, watercress, apples, celery, lettuce, watermelon, peaches and zucchini. (Brennan, 2022)
Many drinks are made up of H₂O as well.
carbon dioxide
soft drinks
What is an effect?
development changed
growth may be altered
change in role
cell structure changed
How do you measure an effect?
metabolism of a chemical
use of a substrate/rate of reaction
production of another chemical
usage of a probe (e.g. to measure carbon dioxide from a flask)
number of cells
growth: measured by number of cells
cell death
eg zone of inhibition in bacteria
metabolic response of cell
measured by production of a metabolic product eg CO2
How do chemicals damage cells?
mutations
food preservatives eg sulfites
disrupted cell membranes
alcohol
cell death
alcohol
organelle stress
vitamin C
cell division
eg caffeine
enzyme function
large concentrations of
salt
cause enzymes to denature - affecting their function
Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
Cellular functions
homeostasis
movement of substances across a membrane
digestion
metabolism
DNA replication
cellular respiration
fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
photosynthesis
aerobic respiration
cell division
mitosis
meiosis
absorbtion
growth
excretion