Unit 4: Cognitive Development Of Human beings
Cognitive Development
Early Childhood
Infancy & Toddlerhood
0-2 Years
Sensorimotor Phase
Middle childhood
Learn through their senses and motor behaviour
Ability to plan & work toward goals & start to use logic to solve problem.
Development Disorder and Learning Disabilities such as ASD, Dyslexia & ADHD
Concrete Operational Stage and start to understand concepts such as the past & present
7-11 Years
Prenatal Period
7-11 Years
A group of cells in the embryo called stem cells receive chemical signals to develop into the primary cells of brain called neurons & glia
Neurons develop and they receive cues from their surrounding environment
Axon become surrounded by myelin which will help the neurons conduct electrical impulses over long distanced
Adolescence
12-2- Years & Formal Operational Stage. Have ability to think and reason logically.
Brain cells continue to develop to bloom in frontal region which is involve in decision making and cognitive functions.
Neurotransmitter Changes
Dopamine level may have implications in risk taking & vulnerability to boredom
Serotonin involved in the regulation of mood and behaviour.
Young adulthood
Stages of Perry's Scheme - Dualism, Multiplicity, Relatism, and Commitment.
Dialectical Thought ( More flexible & Balanced)
Middle Adulthood
41-65
Fluid intelligence tend to decrease at this stage. But its influence by heredity, culture, social context, and personal choice
Late AdultHood
65 And above
Difficulty in using memory strategies to recall details
Problem solving- able to resolve everyday problems by relying on input from others.
Risk of Abnormal Loss Of Cognitive Functioning such as Dementia, Parkinson Disease and Alzheimer
Schaie- A life-Span Model Of Cognitive Development
Acquisitive Stage (Child & Adolescence)
Achieving Stage
- Late teens or early twenties to early thirties Young adults
Responsible Stage
no longer acquire knowledge merely for its own sake and They use what they know to pursue goals such as career and family
- Late thirties to early sixties
use their minds to solve practical problems associated with responsibilities to other such as family or employees
Executive stage
Thirties of forties through middle age
Responsible for Societal Systems
Deal with complex relationship on mutiple levels
Reorganizational Stage
End of middle age, beginning of late adulthood
People who enter retirement reorganize their lives and intellectual energies around meaningful pursuits that take place of paid work
.
Reintegrative Stage
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May experiencing biological and cognitive changes and tend to be more selective about what tasks they expand effort on
Legacy Creating Stage
Near end of live,
older people may create instructions for disposition of prized possessions, make funeral arrangements , provide oral History or write their life stories as a legacy for their loved ones.
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Moral Development
2-6 Years & can use 200- 10000 words
At age 3-5, they can count, name colors, and tell you their name and age. They also can make decisions on their own, such as choosing an outfit to wear.
In the Preoperational stage and they tend to answer questions intuitively as opposed to logically.
At the age 4-7, child become very curious and ask many questions, beginning the use of primitive reasoning.
3 Stages of moral reasoning.
First stage
Ages 2-7. Preoperational stage. Young children cant imagine more than one way of looking at a moral issues
Second Stage
Ages 7 or 8 to 10 or 11. Concrete Operations
Third stage
Age 11 or 12. Formal reasoning and stage where moral development arrives.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development (1969)
Level 1. Pre-conventional Morality (4-10 Years)
Stage 1: Orintation toward Punishment and obedience
Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose and exchange.
Level 2. Coventional morality.
Stage 3. Maintaining mutual relations, approval of others, the golden rule often reffered to as the "Good boy-Good Girl" orientation.
Stage 4. social concern and conscience.
Level 3. Post-conventional Morality (early adolescene, or not until young adulthood.
Stage 5. Morality of contract, of individual rights and a democratically accepted law.
Stage 6. Morality of universal ethical principles