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Ashley Vargas Per.5 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Ashley Vargas
Per.5
Respiratory System
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Pharynx:
funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
Composed of skeletal muscle
Paranasal sinuses:
form ring around nasal cavities
Location:
In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Functions:
Lighten skull, Secrete mucus & Help to warm and moisten air
Nose and nasal cavity:
Receptors for sense of smell & the only external portion of respiratory system
Produces mucus, filters, warms and moistens incoming air
Resonance chamber for speech
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Bronchi and branches:
Air passageway connecting trachea with aveoli , cleans, warms and moistens incoming air
Trachea:
Air passageway, cleans, warms and moistens incoming air
Lungs and alveoli:
Houses respiratory passage smaller than the main bronchi , Surfactant reduces surface tension which helps prevent lung collapse & alvoeli is main sites of gas exchange
Larynx:
Air passageway, prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract & voice production
Major functions of the respiratory system
Main function:
supply body with O2for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
Respiratory and circulatory system are closely coupled – if either system fails, body’s cells die from oxygen starvation
Also functions in olfaction and speech
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal respiration:
diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
External respiration:
diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities:
Steep partial pressure gradient for O2 exists between blood and lungs
Ensures adequate oxygenation even if blood flow increases 3×
Layers of the pleurae
Parietal pleura:
membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs
Visceral pleura:
membrane on external lung surface
Pleurae:
thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Pleural fluid:
fills slitlike pleural cavity between two pleurae
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Transpulmonary pressure = (Ppul −Pip)
:
Pressure that keeps lung spaces open
(Keeps lungs from collapsing)
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
:
Pressure in pleural cavity
Fluctuates with breathing
Always a negative pressure (<Patm and <Ppul)
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
:
Pressure in alveoli
Fluctuates with breathing
Always eventually equalizes with Patm
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
:
Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100–3200 ml)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs (1000–1200 ml)
Tidal volume (TV):
amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
Residual volume (RV):
amount of air that always remains in lungs
capacities
Vital capacity (VC):
sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity (TLC):
sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV+ ERV + RV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC):
sum of RV + ERV
Inspiratory capacity (IC):
sum of TV + IRV
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
: Active process involving inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals)
As thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs are stretched as they are pulled out with thoracic cage
Forced (deep) inspirations:
Occur during vigorous exercise or in people with COPD
Expiration:
Quiet expiration normally is passive process
Volume decrease causes intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) to increase
Forced expiration:
is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal muscles
Nonrespiratory air movements:
coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia:
bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Lung Cancer:
Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Tuberculosis:
Bacterial infection because of myobacterium tuberculosis that attacks the lungs
Seasonal Flu:
Viral infection
COPD
: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder