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Overral review - Coggle Diagram
Overral review
Giving advice:
When giving advice, we can use the modal verb should + infinitive without to.
We can use phrases like:
Might want / like to + infinitive
Make sure + pronoun
Ought + to-infinitive
Recommend + verb-ing
Would + infinitive without to
Had better + infinitive without to
Whatever you do
Used to / Would:
We can use both used to and would to talk about people’s habits in the past. When we use them both used to go first because it sets the scene of what is followed.
Used to.
We use used to when we refer to things in the past which are no longer true.
Would.
We can’t use would to describe a state or situation, which is no longer true.
Articles:
There are 2 types of articles, the indefinite and the definite.
Indefinite articles.
We don’t use a or an with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns.
For this we use a or an. With singular, countable nouns, and to talk about jobs, we use a. We use an before words beginning with a vowel sound, including words with a silent h, we don’t use it when letters u or e are pronounced with a y sound.
Definite articles.
We use The with things that we mentioned before or when it’s clear who or what we are referring to from the context, when referring to particular things, with things which are unique, with adjectives to express groups, with nationalities, and with superlative adjectives.
Nouns:
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, but with a different meaning.
Countable.
They use a or an in the singular, can be made plural, use some and any in the plural, and use few and many in the plural.
Uncountable.
They don’t use a or an, they cannot be made plural, use verbs in the singular, use some and any in the singular, use little and much in the singular, and use other words to refer to a quantity.
Past tenses:
Past perfect simple.
subject + had + past participle
Positive: I had read.
Negative: She hadn’t been.
Question: Had they arrived?
We use it to describe something that happened before a single event in the past. We often use it with already, just and never.
Past perfect continuous.
subject + had been + present participle
Positive: I had been considering.
Negative: hadn’t been.
Question: Had they been working?
We use it to describe something which happened before a single event in the past, but the continuous tense focuses on the length of time.
Vocabulary:
steering wheel
departure lounge
commuters
runway
handlebars
cockpit
motorist
backpackers
rush hour
Gerunds and infinitives:Verbs with either infinitive or verb + ing, change in their meaning.
Infinitives.
We use the infinitive to say why we do something, to say why something exists, and after too and enough.
verb + to infinitive
verb + (somebody/something) + to infinitive
verb + somebody/something + to infinitive
Verb + -ING
We use it after prepositions (including to), as subjects or objects of a sentence, after verbs avoid, celebrate, enjoy, etc, after expressions it’s a waste of time, It’s not worth, I can’t bear, etc
First conditional.
The structure usually is If + present simple and will + infinitive, sometimes we can use unless instead of if not .
In first conditional sentences, it’s not important which clause comes first.
We use the first conditional to express a future situation which we think is real or possible.
Second conditional.
The structure is if + past simple and would + infinitive.
In second conditional sentences, it’s not important which clause comes first.
We use the second conditional to express things which are imaginary, contrary to the facts, impossible or improbable.
FCE strategies:
PT-2
For this part we have to read the whole sentence, look at the gap, look at the words before and after the gap, and what type of word is needed. When you finish you have to read the whole text to check.
PT-3
For this other part you have to read the title to understand what the text is about, then you have to read the whole sentence before putting a word and you have to decide what kind of word fits the gap and sometimes some words need to be changed. If you struggle with an answer don’t spend a lot of time thinking about the answer, complete as many answers as you can.
Passive voice:verb to be + past participle (done/eaten/cleaned, etc).
We use the passive when what happens is more important than who does it, when we don’t know who or what does/did something, we don’t need to say who or what does/did something because it’s obvious from the context, and when writing in an official style.
In informal english sometimes we can use get instead of be to form the passive, that happens when we want to say that something bad happened to someone or something.
First and Second conditional:
Conditional sentences express a condition and the consequence of the condition can be expressed before or after the condition.