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Emily Flores P.2 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Emily Flores P.2 Respiratory System
Internal vs. external respiration
External respiration: the gas exchange between lungs and blood
Internal respiration: gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Tidal Volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is 500ml
Inspiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is 3,000ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is 1,200ml
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is 1,200ml: cannot be measured with a spirometer
Inspiratory Capacity (IC): is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (3,500ml)
Functional residual capacity (FRC): is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV+RV (2,300ml)
Total lung capacity (TLC): id total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC+RV (5.800ml)
Vital capacity (VC): is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV+IRV+ERV (4,600ml)
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Tidal Volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is 500m
Inspiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is 3,000m
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is 1,200ml
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is 1,200ml: cannot be measured with a spirometer
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Expiration: gases exit lungs
inspiration: gases flow into lungs
Layers of the pleurae
parietal pleura
visceral pleaura
Upper respiratory structures and function
.
nasal cavity
Nose
– Provides an airway for respiration
– Moistens and warms entering air
– Filters and cleans inspired air
– Serves as resonating chamber for speech
– Houses olfactory receptors
Divided by midline nasal septum
Found within and posterior to external n
Paranasal sinuses
-form ring around nasal cavity
Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bo
Help to warm and moisten a
Lighten skull
Secrete mucus
Pharynx
-funnel shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
Composed of skeletal mus
Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagu
3 regions
Oropharynx
– Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
– Palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces
– Lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tongue
Nasopharynx
.
– Air passageway (only air) posterior to nasal cavity
– Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
– Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located on posterior wall
Laryngopharynx
– Passageway for food and air
– Posterior to upright epiglottis
– Extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esopha
Lower respiratory structures and functions
.
Trachea- (windpipe) extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main
bronch
– Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
– Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands that help produce the
mucus “sheets” within trachea, supported by 16–20 C-shaped cartilage rings that
prevent collapse of trachea
– Adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue
Bronchi
Function: tubular airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs (alveoli).:
Terminal bronchioles: branches off lager bronchioles; smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
Respiratory bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
Tertiary bronchi: branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a segment of a lung
Alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
Secondary Bronchi: branches of the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Alveoli: consist of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood with the associated capillaries.
Primary Branchi: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea; each leads to a lung
Lungs -Function: contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Larynx- voice box
Provides patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD
Description
Progressive disease that makes it more difficult to breath; includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Causes or Risk Factors
Asthmatic bronchitis, Tobacco Smoke, Air pollution
Symptoms
Chronic cough, Infection, Wheezing
Treatment Options
Smoking cessation, Antibiotics, Oxygen therapy
Tuberculosis
Symptoms
Cough with thick mucus, Swollen lymph nodes, Shortness of breath
Treatment Options
Long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Causes or Risk Factors
Weakened immune system, Drug and alcohol abuse, Travel where TB is common
Description
Bacterial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Causes or Risk Factors
Bacterial infection, Viral infection, Impaired immune system
Symptoms
Fever, Shortness of breath, Chills
Description
Inflammation and fluid in the lungs
Treatment Options
Long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Lung Cancer
Causes or Risk Factors
Smoking (90% of cases), Second-hand smoke, Air pollution
Symptoms
Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Persistent cough
Description
Mass of uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs
Treatment Options
Radiation, Chemotherapy, Surgical removal
Seasonal Flu
Causes or Risk Factors
Age, Weakened immune system, Pregnancy
Symptoms
Fatigue, chills, fever
Description
A viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms
Treatment Options
Early vaccination, over the counter medication, rest and hydration
Major functions of the respiratory system
Microscopic air sacs exchange gases
Transports incoming air into the gas exchange areas
Removes particles from incoming air
Filters warm and moisturizes incoming air
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells