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Respiratory system Natalia Gomez- Period:5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory system Natalia Gomez- Period:5
Major functions of the respiratory system
Major functions of respiratory system: supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and
dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
Respiratory system
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of lungs
External respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Trachea
Trachea (windpipe) extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
– It is about 4 inches long, 3/4 inch in diameter, and very flexible
Lungs
Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for mediastinum
• Root: site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
• Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
• Apex: superior tip, deep to clavicle
• Base: inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
• Hilum: found on mediastinal surface, it is the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi,
lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Larynx
Larynx (voice box) extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid
bone
– Opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea
– Three functions of larynx:
Provides patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production
Bronchi
– Trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi
Right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left
– Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
– Each main bronchus then branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi
Three on right and two on left
Layers of the pleurae
Parietal pleura: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart,
and between lungs
• Visceral pleura: membrane on external lung surface
• Pleural fluid fills slitlike pleural cavity between two pleurae
– Provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of
lungs
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nasal conchae
Scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each
lateral wall of nasal cavity
Shape of conchae help to:
– Increase mucosal area
– Enhance air turbulence
Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses form ring around nasal cavities
– Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
– Functions
Lighten skull
Secrete mucus
Help to warm and moisten air
Nasal cavity
Found within and posterior to external nose
– Divided by midline nasal septum
Septum formed anteriorly by septal cartilage, and posteriorly by vomer bone
and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
– Nasal vestibule: nasal cavity superior to nostrils
Lined with vibrissae (hairs) that filter coarse particles from inspired air
Nose
Nose is the only external portion of respiratory system
• Functions of nose
– Provides an airway for respiration
– Moistens and warms entering air
– Filters and cleans inspired air
– Serves as resonating chamber for speech
– Houses olfactory receptors
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
The inspiration flows into the lungs while expiration flows out the lungs
The similarities they both hold is they play a huge role in the respiratory system.
As well as they both use the diaphragm when either inhaling or exhaling.
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Volume
Tidal volume (TV): amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
– Averages ~500ml
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond
the tidal volume (2100–3200 ml)
• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from
lungs (1000–1200 ml)
• Residual volume (RV): amount of air that always remains in lungs
– Needed to keep alveoli open
Capacity
Inspiratory capacity (IC): sum of TV + IRV
– Functional residual capacity (FRC): sum of RV + ERV
– Vital capacity (VC): sum of TV + IRV + ERV
– Total lung capacity (TLC): sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV+ ERV + RV)
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
– Pressure in alveoli
Also called intra-alveolar pressure
– Fluctuates with breathing
– Always eventually equalizes with
Intraplueral
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
– Pressure in pleural cavity
– Fluctuates with breathing
– Always a negative pressure (<Patm and <Ppul)
ATM
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
– Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
– 760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Transpulmonary
Transpulmonary pressure = (Ppul − Pip)
Pressure that keeps lung spaces open
– Keeps lungs from collapsing
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from
lungs (1000–1200 ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond
the tidal volume (2100–3200 ml)
Tidal volume (TV): amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
– Averages ~500ml
Residual volume (RV): amount of air that always remains in lungs
– Needed to keep alveoli open
Internal vs. external respiration
External respiration (pulmonary gas exchange) involves the exchange of O2 and CO2
across respiratory membranes
Internal respiration involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tuberculoses- Bacterial infection in respiratory system caused mycobacteria
causes/risk contagious inhaled, slchohsl & drugs,
Pneumonia- bacterial or viral infection in the lungs causes/risks bacterial infection, viral infection,
symptoms fever, hills and chest pain
Treatment surgery, medication
COPD- its chronic obstrucle pulmonary disorder includes chronic diseases
causes/risk-age, genetics, air pollution
Symptoms: heart disease, wheezing, lung damage
Treatment: antibiotics, lungreduction,lung transport
Lung cancer-uncontrolled cell growth and development in the lungs
causes/risk random gas, genetics and air pollution
symptons chest pain, fatigue and weight loss
treatment: radiation and chemo therapy
Seasonal Flue- a viral infection there are many variations causes/risk age, occupation and pregnacy
symptons: chills, fever, body aches
treatments: early vaccination and rest/hydration