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BSOTWF - Coggle Diagram

- - - - used creeping barrage (artillery launched from trenches toward German line)
      - first use of tanks many technical problems
      - launched 1st July
      - constant bombardment, threw barbed wire into a big mess
  - - - broke through German lines & advanced 8 miles
      - underground hospital for 700 men w/ electricity & running water, gave shelter from artillery fire
      - 24,000 men hiding in underground tunnels
  - - - first time Germans used poison gas (chlorine) effectively & extensively
      - Germans moved 2 miles closer to Ypres
  - - - weather became torrential / biblical (2x avg rainfall)
      - many fell in mud & drowned
      - launched main attack of 31st July marching from Ypres to Passchendaele
      - Moved edge of Ypres salient back 7 miles
      - break out of Ypres salient
  - - - Germans had the high ground
      - high casualties from BEF but successful in holding ground
      - fighting took place to stop German advances
      - Britain wanted to maintain a direct route for food & supplies
  - - - tanks were used on the largest scale in WW1
      - tanks couldn't hold ground, British lost most of what they had gained
      - no preliminary assault (was a surprise)
      - 450 tanks used
      - first large scale attack since the Somme
  - - - British tunnelled under hill & placed 5 mines under man-made hill
      - blew off the top & regained control
      - offensive mining was used
- - - - links firing line with the command, support & reserve trench
    - - 200-500m behind firing line
      - a place to retreat in front line attacked
      - had support troops
    - - command trench 10-20m behind firing line
    - - troops could rest here when not on front line
      - contained extra supplies, cooks, medics & new recruits
      - third back up in case enemy got 1st & 2nd line
    - - stop enemy moving quickly along trenches
      - diagonal lines connecting trench lines
      - protected soldiers from shell blasts
    - - behind the trenches or at the end of communication trenches
    - - the firing line
      - the trench nearest the enemy
- - - - equivalent to fire power of 100 rifles
      - major help in defensive but devastating for attacking forces
      - could fire 500 rounds a minute
      - mass produced by both sides
    - - pierced organs
      - 60% to arms & legs
      - fractured bones
      - 200,000 men admitted to CCS
  - - - designed to explode mid-air above enemy
      - higher explosive shells broke into many fragments & were much more effective at causing wounds
      - Hollow shell filled w/ lead or steel balls, gunpowder & a timer fuse
    - - This contained bacteria causing tetnus & gas gangrene
      - Brodie helmets were steel helmets with a strap to stop it falling off in explosions
      - metal fragments penetrated the skin with uniform fabric & microscopic pieces of manure & soil
      - this reduced fatal head injuries by 80%
  - - - didn't have to load them one bullet at a time
      - had cartridge cases for rapid fire
      - became more efficient
      - bullets were more pointed for longer distances
    - - pierced organs
      - 60% to arms and legs
      - fractured bones
      - 200,000 men were admitted to CCS
  - - - Burst of shell fire were no longer short
      - factories made more shells so continuous bombardment could last weeks or months
      - could send 900 kg shells 12 miles
      - biggest killer - caused the most casualties
      - British developed the howitzer
    - - could kill immediately
      - shelling happened over wide areas at high speeds
- - - - louse gel was given to help repel lice
      - machines steamed clothing & bedding
      - bath houses were introduced for men to wash clothes
      - best way was to pick lice out with hands
      - disinfected clothes
    - - spread by lice
      - between Jul 1917-18, 15% of men were unfit to fight
      - PUO (prexia of unknown origin) - another name for disease
      - estimated 500,000 men on western front
    - - shivering
      - severe headaches
      - pain in bones & joints
      - lasted fro about 5 days but kept coming back
  - - - men were punished for cowardice (even shot - court marshalled)
      - hospitalisation on severe cases
      - Craighart hospital treated about 2,000 men
    - - NYD.N - not yet diagnosed nervous
      - most men returned after rest period
      - around 80,000 troops suffered
      - suicide was a big problem
    - - loss of speech
      - nightmares
      - tiredness
      - uncontrollable shaking
      - headaches
  - - - keep feet dry & regularly change socks
      - rubbing whale oil for waterproof barrier
      - if gangrene set in amputation was only option
    - - not much chance to change socks
      - by Jan 1915 the 27th division lost 2,00 men to trench foot
      - gangrene is the decomposition of body tissue due to a loss of blood supply
    - - blistered & blue feet
      - tingling & itches
      - painful swelling from standing in cold, wet mud