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Victoria Sanchez Period 2 The Respiratory…
Victoria Sanchez Period 2 The Respiratory System
Major functions of the respiratory system
2 Main Functions
Supply body with O2 for cellular respiration
Dispose of CO2
Also functions in olfaction and speech
*
Body cells starve with failure of respiratory system
Upper respiratory structures and functions
3 Major Organs
Paranasal sinuses
Structure :
Mucosa-lined
Function :
Lightens the skull
May also moisten, warm, and filter air
Pharynx
Structure :
Nasopharynx
Oralpharynx
Larynogpharnx
Function :
Passageway for air and food
Nose and nasal cavity
Structure :
External is supported by bone and cartilage
Internal is divided by nasal septum
Lined with mucosa
Root of nasal contains olfactory epithelium
Function :
Production of mucus,
Filters, warms, and moistens air
Olfactory is sense of smell
Lower respiratory structures and functions
6 Major Organs
Bronchial Tree
Structure :
Left & right bronchi
Complete layer of smooth muscle
Lacks cartilage
Function :
Cleans,warms, moistens incoming air
Alveoli
Structure :
Walls of simple squamous epithelium
External surface associated with pulmonary capillaries
Function :
Helps prevent lung collapse
Main site of gas exchange
Trachea
Structure :
C-shaped cartilages
Function :
Cleans,warms, and moistens air
Lungs
Structure :
Composed of alveoli and respiratory passageways
Stroma is elastic tissue
Function :
reduces suface tension
Helps prevent lung collapse
Larynx
Structure :
Connects pharynx to trachea
Cartilage and dense connective tissue
Function :
Prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
Voice production
Pleurae
Structure :
Serosa membranes
Function :
Produce lubricating fluids
Compartmentalize lungs
Layers of the pleurae
2 Layers
Parietal Pleurae
Membrane on thoracic wall, diaphragm, around heart,
& between lungs
Visceral Pleurae
Membrane on external lung surface
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Similarities :
Main phases of the respiration process
O and CO2 are present
Differences :
Inspiration allows air to flow into the lungs.
Expiration involves gases leaving the lungs.
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
4 Pressures
Transpulmonary ( Ppul-Ppip )
Pressure that keeps lungs opened
** PREVENTS THEM FROM COLLAPSING
Intrapleural (Pip )
Pressure in pleural cavity
Intrapulmonary ( Ppul )
Pressure in alveoli
ALWAYS equalizes with ^^^
Atmospheric ( Patm )
Exerted by surrounding air in body
760 mmHM = 1 atmo
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Volumes
4 Volumes
Tidal Volume ( TV )
Air into and out of lung with each breathe
Ave. 500mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume ( ERV )
Amount forcibly exerted from lungs
Ave.1000-1200mL
Residual Volume ( RV )
Air that ALWAYS remains in lungs
Needed to keep alveoli open
Inspiratory Reserve Value ( IRV )
Ave. 2100-3200mL
Air forcibly exerted
Capacities
4 Capacities
Inspiratory C
Sum of TV + IRV
Functional Residual C
Sum of RV + ERV
Vital C
Sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Total Lung C
** ALL FOUR VOLUMES ADDED
Internal vs. external respiration
Pulmonary ventilation :
Inspiration
Gases flow INTO lungs
Action of the Diaphragm :
Diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly and flattens
Increase in thoracic volume
Action of Intercoastals :
When external intercostals contract; lifted up and out
Increase in thoracic volume
Expiration
Gases EXIT lungs
Inspiratory muscles relax,
Thoracic cavity volume decreases,
Lungs recoil
Volume decrease means intrapulmonary increase
FORCED EXPIRATION :
Active process which uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tuberculosis
DEF : Bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium
CAUSE : Travel and is contagious
SYMPTOMS : Fever, Tachycardia, Chest pains
TREATMENT : Long term antibiotics
Pnuemonia
DEF : Bacterial/viral infection of the lungs
CAUSE : Weak immune
SYMPTOMS : Fatigues, Fever, Chills
TREATMENT : Oxygen therapy and medication
Lung Cancer
DEF : Uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumors in lungs
CAUSE : Smoking ( main cause ), air pollution
SYMPTOMS : Chest pain, fatigue, weight loss
TREATMENT : Radiation chemo