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Disability, Focus on special needs for which there is no cure but the…
Disability
Developmental: Refers to any condition that affects the development of a child's physical, intellectual, or social abilities, such as autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Autism Spectrum Disorder: This is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social communication and behavior, and is characterized by challenges with social interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): This is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity.
Cerebral palsy: This is a motor disorder that affects muscle control and coordination, and can be caused by brain damage before, during, or after birth.
Down syndrome: This is a genetic disorder that affects physical and cognitive development, and is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD): This is a group of conditions that can occur in children whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy, and can lead to physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments.
Intellectual disability: This refers to significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which includes conceptual, social, and practical skills.
Mild intellectual disability: Individuals with mild intellectual disability have an IQ score between 50-70, and may experience difficulty with academic or social skills. They may require some level of support, but can typically live independently as adults
Specific Learning Disabilities: This refers to difficulties with reading, writing, or math that are not related to a lack of intelligence or opportunity, and may be caused by neurological differences.
Dyslexia - A learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading, spelling, and understanding written language.
Dyscalculia - A learning disorder characterized by difficulty with mathematical concepts and operations.
Dysgraphia - A learning disorder characterized by difficulty with handwriting, spelling, and written expression.
Language Disorder - A disorder characterized by difficulties with language comprehension, expression, or both.
Nonverbal Learning Disorder - A disorder characterized by difficulties with nonverbal communication, social interaction, and visual-spatial skills.
Communication Disorders - Disorders characterized by difficulties with language development, such as stuttering, language delay, or difficulty with social communication.
Language Disorder - This disorder is characterized by difficulties with receptive and/or expressive language skills that are below what is expected for the individual's age and developmental level.
Speech Sound Disorder - This disorder is characterized by difficulties in producing speech sounds correctly or fluently.
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) - This disorder is characterized by disturbances in the normal fluency and rhythm of speech, such as repeating words or sounds, prolonging sounds, or blocking on words.
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder - This disorder is characterized by difficulties in social communication and social interaction, including difficulties in understanding and using social cues and maintaining conversations.
Unspecified Communication Disorder - This category is used when an individual has significant difficulties with communication but does not meet the criteria for any of the other specific Communication Disorders.
Motor Disorders - Disorders characterized by impairments in motor skills or coordination, such as Developmental Coordination Disorder or Tourette's Disorder.
Tic Disorders - Disorders characterized by involuntary motor movements or vocalizations, such as Tourette's Disorder or Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder.
Provisional Tic Disorder - This disorder is diagnosed when an individual has tics that have been present for less than one year.
Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder - This disorder is characterized by either motor tics or vocal tics that have been present for at least one year.
Tourette's Disorder - This is the most severe type of Tic Disorder, and is characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic that have been present for at least one year.
Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Other disorders that affect the development of the nervous system, such as Rett Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and Reactive Attachment Disorder.
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Neurological: Refers to any impairment or dysfunction of the nervous system, such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.
Cerebral palsy: This is a group of motor disorders that can affect muscle control, coordination, and movement, and is caused by brain damage before, during, or after birth.
Epilepsy: This refers to a neurological disorder characterized by seizures, which can affect awareness, sensation, and behavior.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): This refers to a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, and can cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, spasticity, and fatigue.
Parkinson's disease: This refers to a neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and can cause symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination.
Spinal cord injuries: This refers to damage to the spinal cord, which can cause paralysis or loss of sensation in the affected area.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): This refers to a brain injury caused by trauma to the head, which can cause a range of cognitive, sensory, and motor impairments.
Neuromuscular disorders: This refers to a group of conditions that affect the muscles and nerves that control them, and can include conditions such as muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Physical: Refers to any physical impairment or limitation that affects movement, coordination, or sensation, such as cerebral palsy, amputation, spinal cord injury, and muscular dystrophy.
Mobility impairment: This category includes conditions that affect a person's ability to move their limbs or body, such as paralysis, amputation, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and muscular dystrophy.
Neuromuscular conditions: These are conditions that affect the nervous system and muscles, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Orthopedic conditions: These are conditions that affect the bones, joints, and muscles, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and scoliosis.
Visual impairment: This category includes conditions that affect a person's vision, such as blindness, partial sightedness, and color blindness.
Hearing impairment: This category includes conditions that affect a person's ability to hear, such as deafness, partial hearing loss, and tinnitus.
Respiratory conditions: These are conditions that affect the lungs and breathing, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis.
Sensory: Refers to any impairment in hearing, vision, or both, such as blindness, deafness, or partial sightedness.
Visual impairment: This category includes conditions that affect a person's ability to see, such as blindness, partial sightedness, and color blindness.
Hearing impairment: This category includes conditions that affect a person's ability to hear, such as deafness, partial hearing loss, and tinnitus.
Vestibular impairment: This refers to conditions that affect a person's sense of balance, such as Ménière's disease and vestibular neuritis.
Somatosensory impairment: This refers to conditions that affect a person's ability to feel sensation in their body, such as neuropathy or spinal cord injury.
Olfactory impairment: This refers to conditions that affect a person's ability to smell, such as anosmia or hyposmia.
Gustatory impairment: This refers to conditions that affect a person's ability to taste, such as ageusia or hypogeusia.
Psychological: Refers to any mental or emotional impairment that affects daily life, such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia.
Anxiety disorders: This refers to conditions characterized by excessive worry, fear, and nervousness, and can include conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - Excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday things, such as health, money, work, and relationships.
Panic Disorder - Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks that cause intense physical sensations, such as heart palpitations, sweating, and shortness of breath.
Specific Phobias - Intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations, such as heights, spiders, or flying.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) - Fear of social situations or performance situations in which the individual may feel embarrassed or humiliated.
Agoraphobia - Fear and avoidance of situations where escape may be difficult or help may not be available in the event of a panic attack or other physical symptoms.
Separation Anxiety Disorder - Excessive fear or anxiety about separation from attachment figures, such as parents or caregivers.
Selective Mutism - Consistent failure to speak in certain social situations where speech is expected.
Mood disorders: This refers to conditions that affect a person's emotional state, and can include conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - A persistent and pervasive feeling of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness that lasts for at least two weeks and significantly impairs daily functioning.
Bipolar Disorder - A condition marked by alternating periods of depression and mania, which is characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, reduced need for sleep, and reckless behavior.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) - A chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years and is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness or low mood.
Cyclothymic Disorder - A milder form of bipolar disorder that involves alternating periods of hypomania and mild depression that last for at least two years.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) - A mood disorder that affects some women during their menstrual cycle and is characterized by mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and depression.
Substance/Medication-Induced Mood Disorder - A mood disorder caused by the use of a substance or medication, such as alcohol, drugs, or certain prescription medications.
Personality disorders: This refers to conditions characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, thinking, and emotions that deviate from cultural norms and cause significant distress or impairment, and can include conditions such as borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): This refers to a condition that can develop in response to experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, and can cause symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and hypervigilance.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: This refers to conditions that can cause distortions in thinking, perception, and behavior, and can include conditions such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
Schizophrenia - A chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Symptoms can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and a lack of motivation or emotion.
Schizophreniform Disorder - A subtype of schizophrenia that involves similar symptoms but lasts less than six months.
Schizoaffective Disorder - A condition characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder.
Brief Psychotic Disorder - A disorder characterized by the sudden onset of one or more psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech, that lasts for less than one month.
Delusional Disorder - A condition in which a person has a persistent belief in something that is not true, such as being followed or poisoned, despite evidence to the contrary.
Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder - A psychotic disorder caused by the use of a substance or medication, such as drugs, alcohol, or certain prescription medications.
Learning - Refers to any difficulty or delay in learning that affects a person's ability to read, write, or do math, such as dyslexia or dyscalculia.
Dyslexia: This refers to difficulties with reading and language processing, and can affect the ability to decode words, understand sentence structure, and comprehend written text.
Dyscalculia: This refers to difficulties with math skills, and can affect the ability to understand mathematical concepts, remember math facts, and perform calculations.
Dysgraphia: This refers to difficulties with writing and fine motor skills, and can affect the ability to write legibly, organize thoughts, and express ideas in written form.
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): This refers to difficulties with processing and interpreting auditory information, and can affect the ability to understand spoken language, follow directions, and distinguish sounds
Non-Verbal Learning Disorder (NVLD): This refers to difficulties with visual-spatial processing and social interaction, and can affect the ability to understand visual information, interpret social cues, and develop social relationships.
Intellectual: Refers to significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which includes conceptual, social, and practical skills. This can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as Down syndrome or fetal alcohol syndrome.
Mild intellectual disability: Individuals with mild intellectual disability have an IQ score between 50-70, and may experience difficulty with academic or social skills. They may require some level of support, but can typically live independently as adults
Moderate intellectual disability: Individuals with moderate intellectual disability have an IQ score between 35-50, and may have more significant difficulties with communication, self-care, and social skills. They may require more intensive support in daily living activities and may live in supervised settings.
Severe intellectual disability: Individuals with severe intellectual disability have an IQ score between 20-35, and typically have significant difficulties with communication, self-care, and mobility. They require constant support and supervision, and may live in group homes or other supervised settings.
Profound intellectual disability: Individuals with profound intellectual disability have an IQ score below 20 and may have multiple physical and medical conditions, as well as significant intellectual and adaptive disabilities. They require constant, intensive support and may require specialized medical care.
- Focus on special needs for which there is no cure but the focus is on the management of symptoms.
- Focus on categories where the special needs person can function partly autonomously, but requires special attention and care